1. Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
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2. Chapter Twelve: Personality
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3. Definition of Personality
sum of all of the ways of acting,
thinking and feeling that are
typical for a person
makes each person different from
other individuals
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4. Allport’s trait theory:
most important traits are those related
to our values
- cardinal
- central
- secondary
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5. Five-factor model of personality
Trait Theory (cont.)
Five-factor model of personality
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6. Trait Theory (cont.) Validation of personality traits: - Hans Eysenck:
- introversion
- extroversion
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7. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud
Freud’s mind:
- 3 levels of
consciousness:
- conscious mind
- preconscious
mind
- unconscious
mind:
- repression
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8. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Freud’s Mind: id, ego and superego
- id:
- pleasure principle
- primary process thinking
- ego:
- reality principle
- superego:
- conscience
ego ideal
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9. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Displacement and identification: becoming a member of society
- displacement
- sublimation
- identification
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10. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Growing up: the stages of psychosexual development
developmental stages result from a shifting
of the primary outlet of libido energy
of the id from one part of the body to
another
-erogenous zones
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11. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Oral stage: (birth to 1 year)
- oral dependent personality:
seeks pleasure by overeating, smoking
and by being a gullible person
- oral aggressive personality:
- seeks pleasure by being verbally hostile
to others
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12. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Anal stage: (1 to 3 years)
- toilet training
children learn how much control they
can exert over others with their
anal sphincter muscles
- anal retentive
- anal expulsive
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13. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Phallic stage: (3 to 6 years)
genitals become primary source of
pleasure
- Oedipus complex:
- castration anxiety
- Electra complex:
- penis envy
- phallic personality
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14. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Latency stage: (6 to 11 years)
- sexual interest is relatively inactive
sexual desire has been strongly repressed
through the resolution of the Oedipal
or Electra complex
sexual energy is sublimated into
competence in schoolwork, play and
sports
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15. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Genital stage (11 years on):
- sexual pleasure through the genitals
- arrival of puberty
- masturbation
- sexual and romantic interest in others is
central motive
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16. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Theories derived from psychoanalysis:
- Carl Jung:
- extraversion and introversion
- personal unconscious
- collective unconscious
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17. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Theories derived from psychoanalysis (cont.):
- Alfred Adler:
- struggle to overcome feelings of inferiority
- social interest
- goals
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18. Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud (cont.)
Theories derived from psychoanalysis (cont.):
- Karen Horney:
- critic of Freud’s view of women
conflicts develop as the result of
inadequate child-rearing experiences
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19. Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura
Role of learning in personality :
-reciprocal
determination:
behavior is
learned and
the social
learning
environment
is altered by
the behavior
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20. Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.)
Role of cognition in personality:
- self-efficacy:
perception that one is capable of doing
what is necessary to reach one’s
goals
- self-regulation:
personal standards for one's behavior
from observing the personal
standards that other people model
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21. Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura (cont.)
Situationism and interactionism:
behavior is determined by the
situations in which people find
themselves, not traits inside the
person
- person X situation interactionism:
- different people react to the same
situation differently
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22. Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers
Inner-directedness and subjectivity:
- inner-directedness:
internal force that pushes one to become
the best individual he/she is capable
of being
- subjective reality:
- viewing life in different, highly personal
terms
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23. Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.)
Self-concept:
- Carl Rogers:
- self
- ideal self:
- congruency
- mental symbols
- conditions of worth
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24. Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.)
Self-actualization:
- characteristics:
- reached a high level of moral development
care deeply about others, but not dependent on
their approval
have an accurate view of people and life, yet
are positive about life
life is experienced in intense, vivid, absorbing
ways, often with a sense of unity with
nature
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25. Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers (cont.)
Humanism compared with classic
psychoanalysis and social learning
theory:
- all three theories believe that one
internalizes society’s standards
of what is desirable/moral
and guides his/her behavior
accordingly
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26. Personality Assessment
Interviews and observational methods:
- interviews:
- most widely used method
- asking questions
- observations:
- observing a person’s actual behavior in a
natural or simulated situation
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27. Personality Assessment (cont.)
Projective
personality tests:
unconscious
feelings will be
“projected” into
the interpretation
- Thematic
Apperception
Test (TAT)
Rorschach inkblot
test
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28. Personality Assessment (cont.)
Objective personality tests:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI-2):
- 10 scales designed to measure
different aspects of personality
answers compared with answers of other
individuals
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