1. The Cycling of Matter

2. Why Learn About This?
Most minerals essential for life cycle between living things and the atmosphere or the ground
Atmosphere—gases surrounding Earth
Biosphere—living ‘layer’ of Earth
Lithosphere—soil/rock layer of Earth
Hydrosphere—water parts of Earth
Earth is a “closed” ecosystem
The only thing in is sun (energy), the only thing out is some heat(energy)
Energy ‘flows through’, but matter ‘cycles within’

3. The Water Cycle The Sun provides energy to drive this cycle
Water cycles between lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere
Approximately 4.2 trillion gallons of rain/snow falls per day in the United States

4. The Carbon Cycle All living things are composed primarily of Carbon
Plants take in CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into sugars, which are then used by animals
Animals respire and release CO2 back into the atmosphere
CO2 is also produced by burning fossil fuels
CO2 traps heat in the atmosphere, so the more CO2 in the atmosphere, the warmer the atmosphere, but we’ll talk more about this later…..

6. Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorous makes up part of the structure of our DNA
Phosphorous cycles between living things and the lithosphere/hydrosphere
Does not enter the atmosphere

9. The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is an important part of our DNA and amino acids
Nitrogen makes up the majority of the atmosphere (97%), but most organisms can’t use it directly
Nitrogen gas has to be ‘fixed’ (converted into a useable form)
Nitrogen can be fixed two ways:
By certain types of bacteria in the soil
By lightning striking and carrying the NH3 to the ground via precipitation

11. Too much of a good thing?
Too much phosphorous and nitrogen can actually be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems
Runoff from farms (fertilizer) can cause algal blooms in neighboring lakes/ponds
Algae can block out light, alter food web of the lake

13. Flow of Energy in Ecosystems
The path of energy flow through an ecosystem can be shown using a food chain or web
Food webs are more accurate, since most organisms don’t eat only one thing
Food web/chain: A diagram of energy flow in an ecosystem

14. Trophic (feeding) Levels (or steps in the food chain)
Producer – makes it’s own energy
Producers are autotrophs (self-food)
Consumer – has to eat to get energy
Consumers are heterotrophs (other-food)
Primary consumer - eats producers
Herbivores are primary consumers
Ex: grasshoppers, mice, rabbits, deer, beavers, moose, cows, sheep, goats and groundhogs.

15. Trophic levels, cont’
Secondary consumer - eats primary consumers or other secondary consumers
Carnivores eat other animals, so they are secondary consumers
Ex: snakes, hawks, spiders
Omnivores take food from more than one trophic level, in other words, they eat animals and plants
Ex:Bears --They eat insects, fish, moose, elk, deer, sheep as well as berries, roots and grass

16. Trophic levels, cont’
Tertiary consumers - top consumers -- fed on by decomposers or detrivores
Ex: Hawks, bears, wolfs, sharks, humans

17. Trophic levels, cont’
Decomposers -- feed only on organic compounds in dead material
Ex. Worms, insects, bacteria, fungi,
Detritivores: Eat things that have already died (ravens, magpies, foxes, other scavengers)

18. Food (Energy) webs
Since the sun is an important source of most of the energy in an ecosystem, it is important to include when talking about energy flow in ecosystems
The sun energy enters the biosphere through the process of photosynthesis (producers), and then is transferred up the food chain
Arrows show the direction of energy flow, so they point towards the organism that is getting the energy

19. Energy Flow/Food Chain

20. Food Web
Arrows show the
Direction of energy flow!

21. Biomass
Biomass: the mass of the living things in an ecosystem, or of a certain group (e.g. biomass of the producers in an ecosystem)
Total biomass is found by summing the dry mass biomass of all individuals in a given land area and then reported by naming the area of concern, e.g. biomass per plot, ecosystem, biome, classroom.

22. Trophic Pyramid or Energy Pyramid
Energy passing up the food chain isn’t a very efficient process
It has been calculated that only 10% of the energy contained in an organism is actually transferred to the organism that eats it
That means that 90% of the energy is lost as heat, etc. via life processes

23. This explains why there is usually more herbivores than carnivores in an ecosystem, and why there is rarely more than 4 links in a food chain
It also explains why the total mass of plants (producers) exceeds the total mass of other trophic levels
That original energy input from the SUN gets ‘whittled down’ as you move up the food chain.

25. A few more vocabulary words…
Biodiversity: the number of different types of organisms in an area
Organism: an individual life form
Population: all the organisms of a certain species
Community: all the organisms (of different species) in an ecosystem