1. Transapical beating heart cardioscopy technique for off-pump visualization of heart valves 
Muralidhar Padala, PhD, Jorge H. Jimenez, PhD, Ajit P. Yoganathan, PhD, Albert Chin, MD, Vinod H. Thourani, MD 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 144, Issue 1, Pages (July 2012)
DOI: /j.jtcvs
Copyright © 2012 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Schematic of the cardioscopy device used in the present study showing the blunt concave tip of the endoscope and the principle behind optical visualization through blood.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2012 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
A and B, Apical access through a median sternotomy and the 2-inch incision that was also tried in the present experimental study.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2012 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
A–I, Montage of different images of the mitral valve obtained using the cardioscopy system depicting various components of the valve.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2012 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
A–C, Montage of the ventricular surface of the aortic valve leaflets, the sinus of Valsalva, and the coronary ostia (arrow) as observed from the cardioscopy device under beating heart conditions.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2012 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions