1. Cellular Respiration

2. Adenosine Triphosphate
Universal energy carrier of the cell
Active transport
Reproduction
Movement
Muscle contractions
Protein synthesis
Hydrolysis of ATP
ATP + H2O  ADP + Pi + Energy
Energy used to produce heat & drive processes

3. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Primarily in mitochondria
Chemical energy in glucose converted to ATP
Necessary for both consumers (heterotrophs) and producers (autotrophs)

4. Glycolysis Start: Glucose (6-carbon molecule)
2ATP energizes the glucose
Phosphate breaks from ATP
Glucose (6C) broken into two Pyruvates (3C)
Finish:
Two pyruvates
4 ATPs
NADH (H carriers)

5. Glucose (6 carbon molcule)
ADP
ADP
ADP
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
ADP
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
NAD+
NAD+

6. Glycolysis Summary

7. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Step 1: Pyruvate broken down
Pyruvate (3C) is split into Acetic Acid (2C) and CO2
More NADH created

8. Pyruvate #1
Pyruvate #2
CO2
CO2
NAD
NAD
Acetic acid
Acetic acid

9. Step 2: Coenzyme A
Acetic Acid (2C) combines with coenzyme A to create Acetyl-CoA (2C)

10. Step 3: Citric Acid formed
Acetyl-CoA (2C) binds with 4C molecule (from previous Kreb’s cycle)
Citric Acid (6C) created

11. Acetyl coA #1 Acetyl coA #2 citric acid citric acid 4 carbon molecule

12. Step 4: Citric Acid broken down
Citric Acid (6C) broken into 5C molecule
CO2 waste created
More NADH created

13. Citric acid
5C molecule
Citric acid
5C molecule
NAD+
NAD+
CO2
CO2

14. Step 5: 5C molecule broken down
5C molecule broken down into 4C molecule
CO2 waste created
More NADH created
ATP created

15. 5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule CO2 CO2 ADP ADP ATP
NAD+
NAD+
CO2
CO2
ADP
ADP

16. Step 6: 4C molecule rearranged
Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule
More NADH, FADH2 created

17. Citric acid Citric acid
4C molecule
Citric acid
4C molecule
Acetyl coA
Acetyl coA

18. Kreb’s Summary 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create:
6CO2, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2

19. Glycolysis: net gain of 2ATP
Glucose (6 carbon molcule)
ADP
ADP
ADP
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
ADP
Pyruvate
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
NAD+
NAD+

20. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Pyruvate #1
Pyruvate #2
CO2
CO2
NAD
NAD
Acetic acid
Acetic acid

21. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Acetyl coA #1
Acetyl coA #2
citric acid
citric acid
4 carbon molecule
4 carbon molecule

22. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
5C molecule
Citric acid
5C molecule
Citric acid
NAD+
NAD+
CO2
CO2

23. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
5C molecule
5C molecule
4C molecule
4C molecule
ATP
ATP
NAD+
NAD+
CO2
CO2
ADP
ADP

24. Electron Transport Chain
Step 1: Electrons removed
Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2

25. Step 2: Hydrogen Ions Transported
Proteins pump H+ ions across inner membrane of mitochondria
H+ ions accumulate

26. H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
Step 3: ATP produced
H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi
34 ATP created
ATP

28. Step 4: Water created
Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste

29. Your essay question on the next test!
Trace the flow of energy, including ATP, from the sun to your muscles (for exercise), after eating a green leaf salad (with croutons).