1. CLIMATE AND WEATHER
Is there a difference?

2. CLIMATE
Climate: The average weather conditions over a large geographic area over a long period of time.

3. WEATHER
Weather: Local or short-term conditions over a small geographic area.

4. What determines climate?
Two main factors:
Amount of solar radiation (sunlight)
Amount of rainfall.

6. Climate Conditions for Patchogue, LI
Weather vs. Climate
Climate =
Average conditions of an area
“WHAT YOU EXPECT!”
Climate Conditions for Patchogue, LI
Weather =
Condition of the atmosphere from day to day
“WHAT YOU GET!”

7. Factors that Affect Heating (Temperature)
Angle (Height in the sky) of the Sun
Duration (Time) of the Sun
June 21st Path: MORE HEAT
Sun is out longer and is higher in the sky
More direct angle
Less direct angle
Dec. 21st Path: LESS HEAT
Sun is not out as long and is lower in the sky

8. The climate in these areas is warm in the
Polar Zone
The winters are very cold and the summers cool to cold.
Temperate Zone
The climate in these areas is warm in the
summer and cold in the winter.
Tropical zone
This area has hot
climates all year long.

9. Other factors affecting climate include: Ocean currents Altitude Wind
Relief of the land
(mountains or flat land)
Solar panel roadways

11. Climate zones based on Rainfall
Water Budget: The amount of water entering, being stored and leaving a region.
Water entering (P)
Water leaving (Ep)
The ratio of P/Ep describes the water budget

12. Zones based on Water Budget
Arid: Very dry. P/Ep ratio is less than 0.4
Semiarid: “Kind of” dry. P/Ep
Subhumid: “below” humid. P/Ep
Humid: Wet. P/Ep over 1.2

14. DO NOW What are the two main factors that determine climate?
Solar radiation and rainfall
What are the three climates based on temperature?
Tropical, temperate, polar
What are the four types of climate based on water budget?
Arid, semi-arid, subhumid, humid

15. If the angle is … then the energy the Earth receives is ….

16. DO NOW How does the angle affect the concentration of light?
Smaller angle, less concentrated.
What affect do you think a smaller angle will have on temperature?
Smaller angle, cooler

17. Explain why latitudes further from the equator have cooler climates.
Conclusion
Explain why latitudes further from the equator have cooler climates.
**Include the energy and angle of the Sun in your answer. 19

18. WEATHER
Weather: Local or short-term conditions over a small geographic area.
Weather varies due to the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface.

19. ALL WEATHER VARIABLES ARE CAUSED BY THE SUN!
Temperature
Barometric Pressure
Moisture (humidity)
Wind
REMEMBER:
ALL WEATHER VARIABLES ARE CAUSED BY THE SUN!
Uneven Heating

20. Temperature = = Heat moves from where it’s HOT to where it’s NOT!
Measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules or a substance
More Kinetic Energy =
Faster Molecular Movement
Less Kinetic Energy
Slower Molecular Movement =
Heat moves from where it’s HOT
to where it’s NOT!

21. What factors affect temperature?
Time of year, how high the sun is.
Sun is higher in summer, lower in winter
Water takes longer to heat and cool. Water has a higher specific heat.
Altitude decreases temperature.

22. Absorption and Reflection of Heat
White and Smooth =
Dark and Rough =
REFLECTS
ABSORBS
Dark/Rough Roof
Light/Smooth Roof

23. WATER HAS A HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT!
Specific Heats
Specific Heats
Land vs. Water
Land heats/cools quicker
Water heats/cools slower
LAND
WATER
REMEMBER:
WATER HAS A HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT!

24. Sea Breeze and Land Breeze
Less Dense
More Dense
Less Dense
More Dense
What are sea and land breezes caused by?
Density Differences caused by different Specific Heats!

25. Altitude and Temperature
Temperature decreases in the troposphere as Altitude Increases
Sea Level = 15ºC ; Tropopause = -55ºC

26. Humidity Humidity is how much moisture (water) is in the air.
High humidity is very damp, moist air.
Low humidity is very dry air.

27. Barometric Pressure
The force exerted on a surface by the weight of the air above.
A barometer is used to measure air pressure.

28. Pressure Weight of the atmosphere Affects on Pressure:
Most Pressure = Troposphere
Affects on Pressure:
Altitude
Temperature
Moisture

29. Altitude and Pressure Sea Level = 100 ; Tropopause = 10-1
Pressure Decreases as Altitude Increases
Sea Level = 100 ; Tropopause = 10-1

30. Temperature and barometric pressure
Warm, moist air is less dense than cool, dry air, therefore:
Will warm air exert more or less pressure than cool air?

31. Less Pressure! So, a low pressure system will have warm, moist air.
A high pressure system will have cool, dry air.

32. Moisture and Barometric Pressure
Will warm or cold air exert more pressure?
COLD!
Water is such a small molecule it makes the air lighter
H₂O = 16 = 18
N₂ = 28
O₂ = 32

33. FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER
More Altitude = Less Pressure
Greater Temperature = Less Pressure
More Moisture = Less Pressure
LOW PRESSURES:
Warmer
More Moisture
Couterclockwise and Inward L
FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER

34. RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER
Less Altitude = More Pressure
Lower Temperature = More Pressure
Less Moisture = More Pressure
HIGH PRESSURES:
Cooler
Less Moisture
Clockwise and Outward H
RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER

35. High vs. Low Pressures LOW PRESSURE: HIGH PRESSURE:
AIR RISES forming clouds (condensation) and precipitation
HIGH PRESSURE:
AIR SINKS causing drier, calmer weather
= LESS Pushing Down
= MORE Pushing Down

36. DO NOW
Weather is caused by the ______________ heating of the earth’s surface.
Changes in __________ cause hot air to rise/fall and cold air to rise/fall.
What factors include weather?

37. Weather forecasting
Meteorologists use weather stations located around the world to study weather.
Weather satellites orbit the earth collecting data that is sent to the stations.

38. Weather Maps
Weather maps are created using all the data collected. They show:
temperature
wind speed
barometric pressure
humidity
What is humidity?

40. Isolines Isoline: Connects points of equal value Isotherm:
Connects points of equal temperature
Isobar:
Connects points of equal pressure

41. DO NOW What variables do weather maps show? temperature wind speed
barometric pressure
humidity

42. Air Masses
Meteorologists study the motion of air masses to help forecast the weather.
Air Mass: A large area of air with similar characteristics.
What might an air mass over the ocean be like?

43. Moist While an air mass over a desert will be dry.
Maritime: An air mass over the water.
Continental: An air mass over land.

44. An air mass in the north will have cold air and an air mass in the south will have warm air.
Arctic: Cold air mass
Tropical: Warm air mass
Polar: Not as far north as arctic

46. FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER
More Altitude = Less Pressure
Greater Temperature = Less Pressure
More Moisture = Less Pressure
LOW PRESSURES:
Warmer
More Moisture
Couterclockwise and Inward L
FALLING BAROMETER = RAINY WEATHER

47. RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER
Less Altitude = More Pressure
Lower Temperature = More Pressure
Less Moisture = More Pressure
HIGH PRESSURES:
Cooler
Less Moisture
Clockwise and Outward H
RISING BAROMETER = FAIR WEATHER

48. DO NOW What is an air mass?
A large area of air with similar characteristics.
Describe the following air masses mT cT mP cP

49. Weather Front Where two air masses meet.
Often associated with weather changes with precipitation.

50. Cold Fronts Cold air advancing Rapidly pushes warm air up
Warm air is less dense = Rises
Cloud Formation (Condensation)
Precipitation
Often heavy or thunderstorms

51. Warm Fronts Warm air advancing Slowly climbs up cool air
Warm air is less dense = Rises
Cloud Formation (Condensation)
Precipitation
Wide band of gentle rain ahead of warm front

54. Atmosphere Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7Ewqm0YHUI