1. 1. What are earthquakes?
Earthquakes are movement of earth’s crust caused by plates shifting and releasing stored energy
Rocks on either side of a fault snag and build up pressure
When the rocks break ... shake, rattle and roll!

2. 2. What are seismic waves?
2. Seismic waves are shock waves in the earth caused by an earthquake.

3. 3. What are P waves? ( push and pull forces)
3. P waves are primary waves. They are fast and longitudinal
( push and pull forces)
P waves are the to 'arrive' at a seismic station. The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air.

4. 4. What are S waves? S waves move rock particles up and down,
4. S waves are secondary
or shear waves. They are
slower. S waves are
transverse- move from
side to side.
S waves move rock
particles up and down,
or side-to-side—
perpendicular to the
Direction of the wave.

5. 5. What are L waves?
5. L waves are “love waves”
Named after a British scientist who calculated a mathematical model for a wave.
L Waves are the fastest waves and move from ground to side to side. In other words, they are P or S waves that hit the surface.

6. where rocks first break and move.
6. What is the focus of an earthquake?
6. The focus is
where rocks first
break and move.
7. What is the epicenter?
7. The Epicenter is the point on earth’s surface directly above the focus.

7. Earthquakes 8. What is a seismograph?
8. A seismograph is an instrument used to record seismic waves.

8. Earthquake Scales 9. What is the Richter Scale?
9. A Richter Scale measures the total energy released by an earthquake
b) +1 means x32

9. Earthquake Scales 10. What is the Mercalli Intensity Scale?
10. The Mercalli Intensity Scale is a scale that measures the intensity of an earthquake. The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and man-made structures on a scale of I through XII, with I denoting a weak earthquake and XII one that causes almost complete destruction.

10. Earthquake Zones 11. Where are the 3 major earthquake zones? 11.
Ring of Fire- is located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge- this zone is caused by sea floor spreading
The Mediterranean –Asiatic Belt- occurs because continental plates are colliding.

11. Earthquake Evidence 12. Describe ground level earthquake evidence
12. Ground level earthquake evidence is side to side or up and down shifts of the ground. The earth has moved mostly slow and steady and is called creep

12. Earthquake Evidence 13. Describe landscape evidence of earthquakes.
13. There are 5 descriptions:
Slide – rapid down slope movement of soil, debris, & rock
Scarp – cliff made by uplifted or subsided earth

13. Earthquake Evidence 13. Fissures – long cracks in soil or rock
Tsunami – an ocean wave caused by earthquakes
a) can be 30m high at the shore
Buildings on loose soil have more damage.

14. Volcanoes 14. What is a volcano?
14. A volcano is any opening in the earth’s crust that release molten rock.

15. Volcanoes 15. What is a vent?
15. An opening through which material reaches the surface
16. What is a crater?
16. A crater is a hollowed out area in the top of a volcano

16. Volcanoes 17. The pipe is a long crack through which magma moves
17. What is the pipe?
17. The pipe is a long crack through which magma moves
18. What is the magma chamber?
18. A chamber with a pocket of magma.

17. Volcanoes 19. An active volcano has erupted during the last century.
19. What is an active volcano?
19. An active volcano has erupted during the last century.
20. What is a dormant volcano?
20. A dormant volcano has not erupted for hundreds of years, but it believed that it has the ability to erupt.

18. Volcanoes
21. What is an extinct volcano?
21. A volcano is considered extinct if it has not erupted for thousands of years.

19. Volcanoes 22.List the sequence of events when a volcano erupts?
22. Lava flows out –usually gently and quietly
2) Then an explosion of debris occurs. The following are products of a volcano
pyroclasts – fragments of broken rock from a volcano
ash – hot fine-grained material
bombs – large molten or semimolten chunks

20. Volcanoes 23. What are cinder cone volcanoes?
23. A cinder cone formed from
ash and cinders in explosive
eruptions. Cinder cones
volcanoes are smaller, coned
shaped, and steep slopes.
Example:
Paricutín, Mexico

21. Volcanoes 24. What are shield volcanoes?
24. Shield volcanoes are from
from lava flow eruptions. They
have broad with gentle slopes.
An example is
Muana Loa, Hawaii

22. Volcanoes They are explosive and have lava eruptions
25. What are composite volcanoes?
25. Composite volcanoes are formed from
alternating layers of lava and pyroclasts.
Characteristics include:
They are explosive and have lava eruptions
They are large with steep slopes
Examples:
Mt. Fuji, Japan & Mt. St.
Helens, Washington

23. Site was not discovered until 1748
26. Case study: Pompeii
26.
79 CE
Site was not discovered until 1748
Provided archeologists extraordinary details about daily life in Roman Empire
Some believe that volcano took 2 months to completely bury the town as people were “found” wearing winter clothing in the summer, dates of minted coins and letters
Populist tourist site in S. Italy

24. Erupted 05/18/1980. Caused by an earthquake on 03/20/1980.
27. Case study: Mt. St. Helen
27.
Erupted 05/18/1980. Caused by an earthquake on 03/20/1980.
Most deadliest and costly volcano in US history.
“Glacier mountain”
Due to the eruption, at the top of the mountain is a 1 mile long horseshoe crater.
Volcano “steamed” until January 2008

25. Igneous Rock Features 28. What are batholiths?
28. Large intrusive igneous rock body that forms when magma being forced upward toward Earth’s crust cools slowly and solidifies underground.

26. 29. What is a dike?
29.Magma that is forced into a crack that cuts across layers and hardens.
30. What is a volcanic neck?
30. Solid igneous core of a volcano left behind after the softer cone has been eroded.

27. Igneous Rock Features
31. What is a caldera?
31. Large, circular-shaped opening formed when the top of a volcano collapses. Crater Lake is an example