1. Chapter 2 Linear Free Energy Relationship and Kinetic Isotope Effect

2. Substituent Effects Field effects Inductive effects Resonance effects
Polarizability effects
Steric effects
Solvation effects

4. Hammett Plots-- a general method for examining changes in charges during a reaction.
Sigma values KX
s = log (KX/KH)

5. Hammett Plots sr = log (KX/KH) sr = log (kX/kH) Rho values
When r>1< the reaction under study is more sensitive to substitents than benzoic acid, and negative charge is building during the reaction.
When 0<r<1, the reaction is less sensitive to substituents than benzoic acid, but negative charge is still building
When r is equal to or close to 0, the reaction shows no substituent effects.
When r is negative, the reaction is creating positive charge.
sr = log (KX/KH)
sr = log (kX/kH)

9. P. Jr. Wentworth, A. Datta, S. Smith, A. Marshall, L. J. Partridge,
and G. M. Blackburn, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 2315

10. J. P. Richard, and W. P. Jencks, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
1982, 104, 4689.

11. J. Lehman, and G. C. Lloyd-Jones, Tetrahedron, 1995, 8863

12. Kinetic Isotope Effect
Stretching vibration
Bending vibration
n m-1/2 ∞
m: reduced mass