1. FUNGI
Chemoheterotroph, aerobic (molds) or facultatively anaerobic (yeasts)
Mycology: Study of fungi
Most fungi decomposers, few are parasites of plants and animals.
bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/.../TineaFoot.jpg
Fig. 12.1

2. Characteristics of Fungi
Hyphae: Filaments of cells, mostly septate
Mycelium: Mass of hyphae.
Molds: mostly filamentous.
Yeasts: nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi.
Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically.
Dimorphic fungi: yeasts like 37C, molds 25C.
Fungal spores differ from bacterial spores. Form from aerial hyphae.
Growth in acidic, low-moisture, high osmotic pressure environments.

3. Fungal Diseases – Mycoses
Systemic mycosis: infection deep within body, affects many tissues and organs. Histoplasmosis and coccidiomycosis.
Subcutaneous mycosis: Saprophytic fungi, e.g.: Sporotrichosis.
Cutaneous mycosis = Dermatomycosis: affects keratin-containing tissues (hair, nails, skin).
Superficial mycosis: localized on hair shafts and superficial skin cells.
Opportunistic mycoses:
caused by normal microbiota or fungi that are not usually pathogenic (E.g.: Candidiasis and Pneumocystis pneumonia)
usually systemic.

4. ALGAE Diatoms Mostly photoautotrophs, mostly in ocean
Unicellular, store energy in form of oil
Domoic acid  Neurological disease
Ingestion of mussels that fed on diatomes (also affects birds and sealions)
Dinoflagellates (plankton)
Some produce neurotoxins: red tide
Kills fish, marine mammals, and humans, e.g.: parasitic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

5. PROTOZOA
Unicellular, eukaryotic chemoheterotrophs. Large and diverse group. Few are pathogenic. Found in soil and water and as normal microbiota in animals. Trophozoite: Vegetative form (feeding and growing). Asexual reproduction via fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission). Sexual reproduction via conjugation. Some protozoa can produce a cyst that provides protection during adverse environmental conditions.

6. Medically Important Protozoa
Arcaezoa (lack mitochondria)
Trichomonas and
Giardia
Microspora (no mitochondria and no microtubules) – diarrhea and keratoconjunctivitis in AIDS patients
Amoebozoa (move via pseudopodia)
Entamoeba (dysentery)
Apicomplexa: not mobile, intracellular
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma,
Euglenozoa: Hemoflagellates
Trypanosoma

7. HELMINTHS (Parasitic Worm)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Class: Trematodes (flukes)
Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)
Phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)
few are human parasites
Anatomy and life cycle modified for parasitism
Adult stage in definitive host.
Each larval stage in specific intermediate host.
Characteristics: Reduced digestive system
Reduced nervous system
Reduced locomotion
Complex reproduction

8. Life Cycle of Helminths
Monoecious
Male and female reproductive systems in one animal
Dioecious
Separate male and female
Egg  larva(e)  adult

9. Nematodes Eggs infective for humans:
Roundworms have a complete digestive system
Eggs infective for humans:
Ascariasis. most common worm infection in USA. (Most common worldwide; > 1 bio infected)
(pinworm). Most common worm infection in USA (30% of children, 16% of adults infected)
Live in human rectum. While infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave intestines through anus and deposit eggs on surrounding skin.
Diagnosis with cellophane tape (scotch-tape test) first thing in the morning.
Self limiting, but treatment of all family members recommended. .

10. Foundations of Virology
Non-living agents that infect all life forms)
Viral cultivation differs from bacterial cultivation
 1,500 known viruses (estimates:  400,000 exist)
Advent of EM allowed for visualization of viruses