1. Brief Response
How did works of literature and art like Charles Dickens’ novels make people aware of social issues?
In their art they pointed out social ills.
Dickens: poverty, child abuse, pollution, etc.
Hugo: political struggle for rights
Courbet: painted hard conditions of ordinary people.
Because their work was entertaining it reached a larger group of readers or viewers.
Some of those readers and viewers formed associations to work for social improvement and government reforms.

2. Liberal Reform in Industrial Britain
pp. 258, 262

3. Industrial Reforms
The people of Britain organized politically to meet many social challenges.
Conservatives, liberals, nationalists, and laborers vied to create Britain’s laws in their own interests.

4. Rotten borough
British practice of giving many votes to districts with a few rich people
And few votes to districts having many poor people.
British reformers sought to end this, and did.

5. electorate The people who are eligible to vote in a district
Reforms in Britain, France, and the US allowed more and more people to vote from the 19th to 20th centuries.
Lower-class men
Women
18 year-olds

6. Secret ballot People cast their vote without announcing publicly
Aka: Australian ballot

7. Queen Victoria British monarch, 1837 to 1901
Her strong presence was the backbone of British confidence.
Her morality became a global standard
Values of the Victorian Age (3)
Duty
Thrift
Honesty
Hard work
Respectability
Strict moral code
Manners
Wilhelm II, Germany
Czar Nicholas II, Russia
George VI, Britain
Czar Nicholas II, Russia, grandson
Wilhelm II, Germany, grandson
Missing: George VI, Britain, Grandson

8. Queen Victoria Victoria had a plan to unite Europe
She had the royal families of Britain, Germany, and Russia marry into each other.
They were first cousins
Wilhelm II, Germany
Czar Nicholas II, Russia
Czar Nicholas II, Russia, grandson
George VI, Britain
Missing: George VI, Britain, Grandson
Wilhelm II, Germany, grandson

9. Benjamin Disraeli Conservative (Tory) Party leader in the 1860s
Tory reforms included (2)
Reform Bill, 1862
Vote for many working class men
Gladstone asking Disraeli to do something sensational to give the papers something to write about

10. William Gladstone
Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister in the 1860s,
Liberal reforms included (2)
Vote for farm workers and most other men
Secret ballot

11. Parliamentary democracy
A form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by the members of the ruling party, not by the public.
They are also responsible to those members
Includes the Prime Minister and other ministers.

12. Abolition movement:
Growing number of British people demanded that their government ban slavery
Britain was the first to make it illegal in 1807
It ended slavery in its colonies in 1833.
British Navy sent out
To destroy slave selling locations in Africa
To confiscated slave cargoes at sea.
Most other countries were slow to follow, regrettably

13. Crime and Punishment— Capital offense:
A crime punished by death.
Some felt that death was a too strict for many offenses—
Shoplifting
Livestock stealing
Impersonating officials/veterans
Executions were public, with some turning into crowded spectacles.
Criminals’ bodies would be put on display or given to medical schools.
Soon, only piracy, murder, treason, and arson were capital offenses.
The beginning of the modern criminal justice system began at this time.

14. What to do with hardened criminals?
Penal colony:
Nations with colonies could banish their convicts there.
Britain used Georgia before the Revolution
Later it used Australia and New Zealand.
France used Guyana, in South America

15. Ireland’s Problems with the English.
Absentee landlord:
English owners of Irish lands, but not living in Ireland.
They exacted high rents on Irish tenant farmers
Irish people were near or at poverty
They could evict Irish tenants for no reason and often did.
Irish also had to pay tithes (church tax) to the Protestant Anglican Church (English) even though they were Catholic.

16. Home rule: Self government for a part of an empire.
Irish demanded it from Britain.
Charles Stewart Parnell’s movement demanded that Irish be allowed to run their own local affairs, and Britain would run its foreign matters.
The “Irish Question” dragged on for decades in Parliament and disrupted other British legislation.

17. hwk

18. Standards Check, p. 259 Question
The electorate was expanded to include middle-class men.
Seats in Parliament were redistributed to reflect the movement of population out of rotten boroughs.

19. Standards Check, p. 260 Question:
Duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability
Promoted reform because they were widely adopted by people at all levels of society.

20. Thinking Critically, p. 261 1
Aristocrats; because they stood to lose the most power in Parliament. 2
It gave the House of Commons more political power than the House of Lords.

21. Standards Check, p. 261 Question
Suffrage was extended to almost all men
The secret ballot was adopted
The House of Lords lost its power to veto tax bills.

22. Standards Check, p. 263 Question:
Both reforms were driven by a sense of morality and duty

23. Standards Check, p. 265 Question: Laws that …..
improved public health and housing for workers
provided for free elementary education for all children,
protected the well-being of the poor and disadvantaged.

24. Standards Check, p. 265 Question:
Large groups of people often include people who have many different views, even if they share the same goal.

25. Thinking Critically, p. 266 1 1851-1860 2 A human-made disaster
Although the potato crops were ruined by nature, people starved
remaining food supplies were exported for money by the English absentee landlords.

26. Standards Check, p. 267 Question:
Harsh laws and the poor government response to the potato famine led many Irish people to
mistrust the British
support Irish nationalism.

27. p. 268, thinking critically 1. A. B. The chance for a better life
Large amount of land and job opportunities
Religious freedom B.
With voluntary migration,
people make their own decisions
The “push factors” might not lead all people to leave, and different migrants might be pulled to different destinations
With involuntary migration,
the push to leave comes from the government or other outside forces, which might also determine where the migrants move to.

28. Worksheet

29. Other rising Industrial Powers
The United States of America
Started as a business nation
Plentiful resources
Investors and government supported new businesses and development
Public education gave more people a chance to promote their ideas, even working class.

30. Other rising Industrial Powers
France
Plentiful resources
When not having some liberal revolution, its business and government developed a strong capitalist system.
Public education promoted opportunities for many people to succeed in business.
Many great scientific and artistic achievements came from here.

31. Other rising Industrial Powers
Germany
Plentiful resources
Once Prussia unites the other kingdoms around 1870, the Prime Minister, Otto von Bismarck forced an intense modernization on the country.
Public education promoted opportunities for many to succeed in business.
Germany outproduces Britain by 1900.

32. Other rising Industrial Powers
Imperial Japan
Very limited resources
Once Meiji emperor took power from the Tokugawa Shogunate, around 1870, the new government forced an intense modernization on the country.
Public education promoted opportunities for many to succeed in business.
It outproduces all Asian nations by 1890 and begins taking places in China and Korea for resources.

33. Liberal Control of Parliament
Free trade:
International trade with no quotas, tariffs, or other regulations or restrictions.
Quota: max number of something allowed
Tariff: tax on imports
Businessmen wanted access to the largest markets possible.
Consumers would benefit from competition and a wider selection of goods.

34. You are a grain farmer
What can you get the government to do to keep grain prices high?

35. You are a grain farmer
What can you get the government to do to keep grain prices and your profits high?
Impose a high tariff (import tax) on foreign grain so that people will buy your grain.
Forbid foreign grain from coming into your country, giving you and the local farmers a monopoly—you can control the prices.

36. Who suffers when grain prices are too high?

37. Who suffers when grain prices are too high?
People who have little or no money—that is most of the people in the country.

38. Repeal: To cancel a government law or act.
The Corn Laws were repealed.
British grain farmers had the government keep the price high by prohibiting imports to protect their profits.
Liberal reformers wanted to allow more grain imports to lower prices so lower class people could afford good.

39. Brief Response
How do you think supporters of Social Darwinism would explain the difference in wealth between the rich and the poor?
Do you think this explanation is accurate?
Why or why not?