1. Higher English Supported Study
RUAE

2. Learning Intentions To find out what we already know about RUAE
To revisit strategies that help you understand the passage
To revise formulas for answering specific question types

3. What do you know?
Task 1
With a partner, create a mind-map to show all that you associate with RUAE

4. First Look at a Passage
When faced with an RUAE passage for the first time, ALWAYS read it all the way through before you start answering questions.
The purpose of this reading is simply to gain a basic understanding of what it is about.
DON’T worry about language, vocabulary or techniques at this stage.

5. 5-5-1 Strategy
Task 2
After reading the passage, try to sum it up in 5 sentences.
Using those 5 sentences, now try to sum it up further in 5 words.
Finally, what 1 word could summarise the who passage?

6. Highlighting
Using a highlighter is a great tool in an exam – but don’t go daft!
Highlight with focus
Anticipate what the question will be

7. Past Paper
Task 3
In groups, look at a specific paragraph and highlight the words/phrases that stand out to you – remember to anticipate!
Now look at the questions – have your selections matched with the demands of the question being asked?
Would you change your approach based on the result? Perhaps only highlight AFTER reading the question?

8. Question Types Understanding Analysis Evaluation
Questions look at WHAT was written and test whether or not you have understood what you have read.
Questions get you to think about HOW it was written and how effective the language is.
Questions consider WHY the piece was written and whether or not the writer has been successful.

9. Command words “Identify” – pick out from the text
“Explain” – show you understand by using your own words
“Summarise” – show you understand a longer section of the text by using your own words and selecting only key/relevant points
“Analyse” – select a technique & explain its effect

10. Focus on the questions Task 4
Look over all of the questions for passage 1.
Can you see the command words being used?
For those that don’t have command words, can you still work out what type of question it is?

11. The Beating Heart of Language

12. Word Choice
When answering on word choice you should follow this approach:
“quote” the word
State the connotations (what it suggests)
Explain the effect this has (in relation to the question)

13. Tasks Task 5 ‘Show me board’ word association game Task 6
Homework examples

14. The Beating Heart of Language

15. Sentence Structure
This can be a difficult area because there are so many different structure techniques
There are different methods you can use to remember the main ones

16. Llamas!
Really lazy llamas quietly sleep on pillows R L Q S O P

17. Llamas! Really lazy llamas quietly sleep on pillows Repetition Length
Lists
Question
Sentence type
Order
Punctuation

18. CRIPPLLLS C R I P L S

19. CRIPPLLLS Climax Repetition Inversion Parenthesis Punctuation Length
Lists
Links
Sentence type

20. Sentence Structure
To answer a question on sentence structure you should take the following approach:
State the technique being used
“quote” where it being used
Explain why it has been used and what effect is created (FUNCTION & EFFECT)

21. Sentence Type Revision
Statement
A simple sentence which includes one point or one fact: eg ‘Orwell creates a turning point in ‘A Hanging’.
Effect: impart information / reinforce argument
Commands (Imperatives)
A sentence which includes a clear instruction: eg “Go read George Orwell’s ‘A hanging’.
Effect: to provoke an immediate response / reaction
Questions
Rhetorical Questions: where there is no answer or the speaker already knows what the answer should be: eg “We don’t kick grannies, do we?”
Effect: provoke agreement / disagreement / humour
Minor Sentences
where there is no verb

22. Punctuation
A punctuation answer should a) identify the punctuation, then b) state its function and finally show its effect (the question will guide you on this).
Eg Show how the writer’s language conveys his attitude towards his mother’s shopping habit.
Colon introduces a list of all the items she purchased. This shows that he thinks his mother is wasting too much money on things she doesn’t need.
Punctuation
Function
Effect

23. Punctuation: Revision
Colons: introduce
A list, further evidence, an illustration, a quotation
Colons: balance
Two opposite ideas in the same sentence
Semi-Colons (can do all the above)
Separate out parts of a list
Dash
Create a pause / dramatic pause
Introduces further information or additional detail
Parenthesis
Created by brackets, double dashes, commas
Add additional information

24. List Lists are usually easy to identify Look for lots of semi-colons
Or commas
and ask yourself whether a list is being created
However you need to think about WHY a writer has chosen a list and the EFFECT of the list to his line of thought.
Hint – never talk about commas being used to create lists (the Higher marker isn’t going to award marks for commenting on the comma) talk about: the writer uses a list (in line 5 and 6) in order to show that a lot of things were wrong with the shopping centre …

25. Repetition
If in a sentence structure answer you find that you can’t comment on punctuation or a list then consider if words or phrases are being repeated. This is the technique of repetition.
Once you have identified the technique you need to identify the function of the repetition. The most likely answers are opposite.
Eg Repetition of “spend” to draw attention to the fact that his mother can not stop spending and wasting her money.
Function

26. Word Position
Writers like to move key words usually to the beginning and ends of the sentences in order to make them stand out. This technique is called inversion.
“Luminous beings are we, not this crude matter.”
You would have expected “We are luminous beings …” but by putting the word ‘Luminous’ to the start of the sentence Yoda draws attention to one of his unique qualities.
The effect of inversion is to create effects including drawing attention to something or surprise.

27. Sentence Length
Short sentences are usually easy to spot – but make sure it’s short sentences you’re spotting not short phrases or clauses.
Short sentences are usually used either for dramatic impact or to draw attention to one thing.
Long sentences usually build up an idea, often to a climax.
Writers often like to juxtapose a long sentence with a short sentence to make the short sentence stand out by contrast.

28. Tasks
Task 7
Attempt the questions on the practise passage that refer to language
Select an aspect of sentence structure to analyse in your answer

29. The Beating Heart of Language

30. Imagery
Pupils sometimes struggle with questions on imagery, yet if you follow the standard formula used to answer them then you should find them much easier.
Imagery is exactly what it says – the techniques used by the writer to help create a picture of what is being described in the text.

31. What is imagery? Most common techniques used are: Simile Metaphor
Personification
Onomatopoeia (sound of the image)
Alliteration (sound of the image)

32. Imagery
To answer a question on imagery you should take the following approach:
State the technique being used
“quote” where it being used
State what is being compared to what (or what is being personified as what)
Explain the effect of the comparison, using Just as... so to ...

33. Imagery Example
“His raven hair was slick with gel and gleamed under the bright lights, like a wet road at midnight”

34. Imagery Example
“His raven hair was slick with gel and gleamed like a wet road at midnight”
Simile – “His raven hair...like a wet road at midnight.”
His hair is being compared to a wet road.
Just as the road would be dark at midnight with the car headlamps reflecting on the puddles of water on the road, so too his hair would be dark in colour and seem to shine under the lights where it is wet with gel. This has the effect that ....

35. Imagery
Task 8
Attempt the questions on the practise passage that refer to language
Select an aspect of imagery to analyse in your answer

36. Conclusion Questions
You may find the last question on passage 1 asks you to explain how well a certain paragraph acts as a conclusion to the passage as a whole.
In order to do this, your first have to think about the purpose of a conclusion.

37. What is a conclusion? The purpose of a conclusion is:
to bring together all of the points/arguments/ideas that have been previously made
to express a personal opinion on the subject
To round off by reaching a final decision (which may not be a concrete answer)

38. What makes it successful?
It clearly contains phrases or statements that link back to ideas that have already been made and may (or may not) give the writer's own opinion
It uses specific language associated with conclusions, such as “In conclusion”, “To sum up”, “Overall”, “On the whole”, “Moving forward” etc.
It makes use of a technique to enhance the style of the ending and add impact

39. Conclusion Questions
To answer an effective conclusion question you should take the following approach:
“quote” any phrases that link back to ideas already mentioned earlier
Explain what it links back to and what was previously said OR
“quote” an example of concluding language or a specific technique
Explain the effect that it creates

40. The Comparison Question
After completing all of the questions on passage 1, you should then go on to read passage 2.
The comparison question is worth 5 marks at Higher and asks you to explain the similarities or differences in ideas between the two passages.
The question will normally direct you to provide a set number of similarities or differences. READ THIS CAREFULLY!

41. Answering the comparison question
When reading passage 2, you may find it helpful to take notes or highlight anything that links in some way to what you have already read in passage 1
2 colours of highlighter could be helpful here
Where possible, make use of any answers that you have already used in passage 1 – you will not be penalised in any way for doing this.

42. Answering the comparison question
State the aspect/idea that is similar/different between the passages (This works best when written as a sub-heading)
Quote from passage 1 and explain how it shows the idea you have chosen
Quote from passage 2 and explain how it shows the same/different idea to that in passage 1

43. Answering the comparison question
Example
The pleasure gained from shopping
Passage 1 argues that shoppers only feel a “brief high” from shopping and soon enough they are back to focusing solely on consuming more and “spend, spend, spend”
Passage 2 disagrees and states that shopping offers consumers “enormous fun” and is “profoundly satisfying”. He clearly agrees the mental benefits of shopping and goes as far as to say shopping “enhances their lives.”

44. Answering the comparison question
This structure needs to be repeated 3 times in order to fully answer the question.
Identifying and explaining briefly 3 areas of comparison will achieve a minimum of 3 marks
4 and 5 marks are awarded for quality of answer