Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Understanding the Computer
A computer is a machine that, under a program’s direction, performs four basic operations: input, processing, output, and storage. A program is a list of instructions that tells a computer how perform the four operations. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Input The first operation. The computer performs arithmetic or comparison operations on data. Electrical impulses representing words, numbers, images, or sounds. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Processing Arithmetic Logic 4 + 16 = 20 728 > 546 The second operation. The computer performs arithmetic or comparison (logical) operations on the data. Performed at a very high speed. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Output The third operation. The computer shows the results of the processing operation in a way people can understand. Data is processed into information. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

The Information Processing Cycle
Input Processing Output Storage The computer performs the four basic operations (input, processing, output, and storage). Two types of processing cycles: Batch processing– A lockstep sequence used by older computers. Interactive processing– Initiating several information processing cycles in a single session; used by modern computers. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Computer System Software Hardware A collection of related computer components that are designed to work together. A system includes hardware and software. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Hardware Hardware is the computer’s physical components. The components include: Input devices– Enable users to enter data into the computer for processing. Processing circuitry– Components located in the system’s case that transform data into information. Output devices– Peripherals that show the results of processing. Storage devices– Used to store all the programs and data that the computer uses. Communication Devices– Used to move data between computers. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Input: Transforming Data into Information
Key Terms Command– A type of input that tells the program what to do. Confirmation– A message that indicates if the command was or was not carried out. Keyboard– Enables the user to input characters. Pointing device– Enables the user to move an on– screen pointer. Speech-recognition– A program that enables the computer to transcribe spoken words into text. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Processing: Transforming Data into Information
Key Terms Central processing unit (CPU)– The computer’s processing circuitry. It is also called a microprocessor. Chip– A wafer of silicon that contains a complex electronic circuit. Motherboard– The computer’s main circuit board. Memory– Chips that store program instructions. Random access memory (RAM) is the most important type. Expansion slots– A receptacle designed to accept a plug-in expansion card. Expansion card– Used to connect peripherals (input/output devices) to the motherboard. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Components of the CPU Control unit– Coordinates and controls all parts of the computer system. Arithmetic-Logic unit– Performs arithmetic or logical operations. Registers– Store the most frequently used instructions and data. NEXT SLIDE I Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

CPUs at Work Control Unit– Manages four basic operations (fetch, decode, execute, and write-back). The machine cycle or processing cycle: Instruction Cycle Fetch- Gets next program instruction from the computer’s memory. Decode- Figures out what the program is telling the computer to do. Execution Cycle Execute- Performs the requested action. Write-back (Store)- Writes (stores) the results to a register or to memory. Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU)– Performs basic arithmetic or logic operations. Adds, subtracts, multiplies, and divides Compares data to determine which one is larger or smaller. NEXT SLIDE I Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

The Motherboard Click on terms to view larger images and information Microprocessor Keyboard / Mouse Ports Printer Port Memory Slots Video Port AGP Slot PCI Slots Chipset Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Output: Displaying the Information
Key Terms Monitors– Display processing results on a screen. Cathode ray tube– Monitor similar to televisions. Flat-panel displays (LCD)– Monitor that uses liquid crystal diodes. Speakers– Enable the user to hear the results of sound processing. Printers– Generate output on paper. Impact printers– Print heads strike a ribbon to produce an image. Nonimpact printers– Transfer the image to the paper. Inkjet printers Laser printers NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Storage: Holding Programs and Data for Future Use
Key Terms Storage media– Includes all types of storage media. Magnetic storage media– Uses magnetically sensitive material. Optical storage media– Uses a laser beam to scan pits etched into a disc. Writing– Recording data to a disk. Reading– Playing back information on a disk. Floppy disk– Removable storage medium. CD ROM– Optical storage medium. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Communications Devices
Key Terms Computer network– Two or more computers linked by some type of connection. Modem– Enables access to other computers by way of a telephone line. Network interface card (NIC)– Enables computers to connect to each other in a limited geographic area. Local area network (LAN)– Computers connected to each other within a building or group of buildings. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Communications Devices
Modem Network Interface Card– NIC NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Introducing Software Software consists of the programs that give the computer’s hardware its step-by-step instructions. Software is created by programmers using a programming language. Programs contain units called files. Transferring a program into the computer’s memory is called loading. Once loaded into memory the program’s instructions are carried out or executed. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Types of Software System software Application software System software– All programs that help the computer function properly. Application software– All the programs you use to perform a task such as writing a letter or browsing the World Wide Web. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

System Software System software is divided into two categories: The operating system: Provides support for running application software. Coordinates the various functions of the computer’s hardware. System utilities: Are programs for optimizing computer performance. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Types of Operating Systems
Command-line interface– Users type instructions at the keyboard, one line at a time. Examples: MS-DOS, PC DOS, UNIX Graphical user interface (GUI)– Users choose items from menus by using a pointing device to click on icons which represent resources and commands. Examples: Windows, Mac OS NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Application Software Application software includes all programs that enable us to use the computer in a useful way. Custom software is developed for specific needs. Packaged software is produced for the mass market. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

Software Suite MS EXCEL MS POWERPOINT MS WORD MS ACCESS MS FRONT PAGE A collection of full-featured standalone programs that usually share a common command structure and have similar interfaces. NEXT SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Prentice Hall, Inc

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