1. Samira Khan University of Virginia Sep 26, 2018
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
CS 6354
Branch Prediction I
Samira Khan
University of Virginia
Sep 26, 2018
The content and concept of this course are adapted from CMU ECE 740

2. AGENDA
Logistics
More on multi-core
Branch Prediction

3. LOGISTICS Project proposal due today Project proposal presentation
Oct 1 and Oct 3
Each group gets 10 minutes for presentation, 2 minutes for Q&A session

4. USES OF ASYMMETRY So far: What else can we do with asymmetry?
Improvement in serial performance (sequential bottleneck)
What else can we do with asymmetry?
Energy reduction?
Energy/performance tradeoff?
Improvement in parallel portion?

5. USES OF CMPs
Can you think about using these ideas to improve single- threaded performance?
Implicit parallelization: thread level speculation
Slipstream processors
Leader-follower architectures
Helper threading
Prefetching
Branch prediction
Exception handling
Redundant execution to tolerate soft (and hard?) errors

6. SLIPSTREAM PROCESSORS
Goal: use multiple hardware contexts to speed up single thread execution (implicitly parallelize the program)
Idea: Divide program execution into two threads:
Advanced thread executes a reduced instruction stream, speculatively
Redundant thread uses results, prefetches, predictions generated by advanced thread and ensures correctness
Benefit: Execution time of the overall program reduces
Core idea is similar to many thread-level speculation approaches, except with a reduced instruction stream
Sundaramoorthy et al., “Slipstream Processors: Improving both Performance and Fault Tolerance,” ASPLOS 2000.

7. SLIPSTREAMING
“At speeds in excess of 190 m.p.h., high air pressure forms at the front of a race car and a partial vacuum forms behind it. This creates drag and limits the car’s top speed.
A second car can position itself close behind the first (a process called slipstreaming or drafting). This fills the vacuum behind the lead car, reducing its drag. And the trailing car now has less wind resistance in front (and by some accounts, the vacuum behind the lead car actually helps pull the trailing car).
As a result, both cars speed up by several m.p.h.: the two combined go faster than either can alone.”

8. SLIPSTREAM PROCESSORS
Detect and remove ineffectual instructions; run a shortened “effectual” version of the program (Advanced or A-stream) in one thread context
Ensure correctness by running a complete version of the program (Redundant or R-stream) in another thread context
Shortened A-stream runs fast; R-stream consumes near- perfect control and data flow outcomes from A-stream and finishes close behind
Two streams together lead to faster execution (by helping each other) than a single one alone

9. SLIPSTREAM IDEA AND POSSIBLE HARDWARE

10. INSTRUCTION REMOVAL IN SLIPSTREAM
IR detector
Monitors retired R-stream instructions
Detects ineffectual instructions and conveys them to the IR predictor
Ineffectual instruction examples:
dynamic instructions that repeatedly and predictably have no observable effect (e.g., unreferenced writes, non-modifying writes)
dynamic branches whose outcomes are consistently predicted correctly.
IR predictor
Removes an instruction from A-stream after repeated indications from the IR detector
A stream skips ineffectual instructions, executes everything else and inserts their results into delay buffer
R stream executes all instructions but uses results from the delay buffer as predictions

11. WHAT IF A-STREAM DEVIATES FROM CORRECT EXECUTION?
Why
A-stream deviates due to incorrect removal or stale data access in L1 data cache
How to detect it?
Branch or value misprediction happens in R-stream (known as an IR misprediction)
How to recover?
Restore A-stream register state: copy values from R-stream registers using delay buffer or shared-memory exception handler
Restore A-stream memory state: invalidate A-stream L1 data cache (or speculatively written blocks by A-stream)

12. Slipstream Questions How to construct the advanced thread
Original proposal:
Dynamically eliminate redundant instructions (silent stores, dynamically dead instructions)
Dynamically eliminate easy-to-predict branches
Other ways:
Dynamically ignore long-latency stalls
Static based on profiling
How to speed up the redundant thread
Original proposal: Reuse instruction results (control and data flow outcomes from the A-stream)
Other ways: Only use branch results and prefetched data as predictions

13. BRANCH PREDICTION

14. Branch Prediction: Guess the Next Instruction to FetchPC
0x0008
0x0004
0x0007
0x0005
0x0006 ??
I-$
DECD RF WB
0x0001
LD R1, MEM[R0]
0x0002
D-$
ADD R2, R2, #1
0x0003
BRZERO 0x0001
0x0004
ADD R3, R2, #1
12 cycles
0x0005
MUL R1, R2, R3
0x0006
LD R2, MEM[R2]
Branch prediction
0x0007
LD R0, MEM[R2]
8 cycles
Fetch Decode Execute Memory Writeback

15. Misprediction PenaltyPC
Flush!!
I-$
DECD RF WB
0x0001
LD R1, MEM[R0]
0x0007
0x0006
0x0005
0x0004
0x0003
0x0002
D-$
ADD R2, R2, #1
0x0003
BRZERO 0x0001
0x0004
ADD R3, R2, #1
0x0005
4 cycles
MUL R1, R2, R3
0x0006
LD R2, MEM[R2]
0x0007
LD R0, MEM[R2]
Fetch Decode Execute Memory Writeback

16. Performance Analysis correct guess  no penalty ~86% of the time
incorrect guess  2 bubbles
Assume
no data dependency related stalls
20% control flow instructions
70% of control flow instructions are taken
CPI = [ 1 + (0.20*0.7) * 2 ] =
= [ * 2 ] = 1.28
probability of
a wrong guess
penalty for
a wrong guess
Can we reduce either of the two penalty terms?

17. BRANCH PREDICTION
Idea: Predict the next fetch address (to be used in the next cycle)
Requires three things to be predicted at fetch stage:
Whether the fetched instruction is a branch
(Conditional) branch direction
Branch target address (if taken)
Observation: Target address remains the same for a conditional direct branch across dynamic instances
Idea: Store the target address from previous instance and access it with the PC
Called Branch Target Buffer (BTB) or Branch Target Address Cache

18. Fetch Stage with BTB and Direction Prediction
Direction predictor (taken?)
taken?
PC + inst size
Next Fetch
Address
Program
Counter
hit?
Address of the
current branch
target address
Cache of Target Addresses (BTB: Branch Target Buffer)
Always taken CPI = [ 1 + (0.20*0.3) * 2 ] = (70% of branches taken)

19. Three Things to Be Predicted
Requires three things to be predicted at fetch stage:
1. Whether the fetched instruction is a branch
2. (Conditional) branch direction
3. Branch target address (if taken)
Third (3.) can be accomplished using a BTB
Remember target address computed last time branch was executed
First (1.) can be accomplished using a BTB
If BTB provides a target address for the program counter, then it must be a branch
Or, we can store “branch metadata” bits in instruction cache/memory  partially decoded instruction stored in I-cache
Second (2.): How do we predict the direction?

20. HOW TO HANDLE CONTROL DEPENDENCES
Critical to keep the pipeline full with correct sequence of dynamic instructions.
Potential solutions if the instruction is a control-flow instruction:
Stall the pipeline until we know the next fetch address
Guess the next fetch address (branch prediction)
Employ delayed branching (branch delay slot)
Eliminate control-flow instructions (predicated execution)
Fetch from both possible paths (if you know the addresses of both possible paths) (multipath execution)

21. DELAYED BRANCHING Change the semantics of a branch instruction
Branch after N instructions
Branch after N cycles
Idea: Delay the execution of a branch. N instructions (delay slots) that come after the branch are always executed regardless of branch direction.
Problem: How do you find instructions to fill the delay slots?
Branch must be independent of delay slot instructions
Unconditional branch: Easier to find instructions to fill the delay slot
Conditional branch: Condition computation should not depend on instructions in delay slots  difficult to fill the delay slot

22. DELAYED BRANCHING Normal code: Timeline: Delayed branch code:IF EX IF EX B C C A
BC X A B A B C A
BC X C B D BC C D E BC C E B BC F -- BC F G B X: G G -- X: G
6 cycles
5 cycles

23. DELAYED BRANCHING (III)
Advantages:
+ Keeps the pipeline full with useful instructions in a simple way assuming
1. Number of delay slots == number of instructions to keep the pipeline full before the branch resolves
2. All delay slots can be filled with useful instructions
Disadvantages:
-- Not easy to fill the delay slots (even with a 2-stage pipeline)
1. Number of delay slots increases with pipeline depth, superscalar execution width
2. Number of delay slots should be variable with variable latency operations. Why?
-- Ties ISA semantics to hardware implementation
-- SPARC, MIPS: 1 delay slot
-- What if pipeline implementation changes with the next design?

24. HOW TO HANDLE CONTROL DEPENDENCES
Critical to keep the pipeline full with correct sequence of dynamic instructions.
Potential solutions if the instruction is a control-flow instruction:
Stall the pipeline until we know the next fetch address
Guess the next fetch address (branch prediction)
Employ delayed branching (branch delay slot)
Eliminate control-flow instructions (predicated execution)
Fetch from both possible paths (if you know the addresses of both possible paths) (multipath execution)

25. Predicated Execution
Idea: Convert control dependence to data dependence
Simple example: Suppose we had a Conditional Move instruction…
CMOV condition, R1  R2
R1 = (condition == true) ? R2 : R1
Employed in most modern ISAs (x86, Alpha)
Code example with branches vs. CMOVs
if (a == 5) {b = 4;} else {b = 3;}
CMPEQ condition, a, 5;
CMOV condition, b  4;
CMOV !condition, b  3;

26. Predicated Execution
Eliminates branches  enables straight line code (i.e., larger basic blocks in code)
Advantages
Always-not-taken prediction works better (no branches)
Compiler has more freedom to optimize code (no branches)
control flow does not hinder inst. reordering optimizations
code optimizations hindered only by data dependencies
Disadvantages
Useless work: some instructions fetched/executed but discarded (especially bad for easy-to-predict branches)
Requires additional ISA support
Can we eliminate all branches this way?

27. How to Handle Control Dependences
Critical to keep the pipeline full with correct sequence of dynamic instructions.
Potential solutions if the instruction is a control-flow instruction:
Stall the pipeline until we know the next fetch address
Guess the next fetch address (branch prediction)
Employ delayed branching (branch delay slot)
Eliminate control-flow instructions (predicated execution)
Fetch from both possible paths (if you know the addresses of both possible paths) (multipath execution)

28. SIMPLE BRANCH DIRECTION PREDICTION SCHEMES
Compile time (static)
Always not taken
Always taken
BTFN (Backward taken, forward not taken)
Profile based (likely direction)
Run time (dynamic)
Last time prediction (single-bit)

29. MORE SOPHISTICATED DIRECTION PREDICTION
Compile time (static)
Always not taken
Always taken
BTFN (Backward taken, forward not taken)
Profile based (likely direction)
Program analysis based (likely direction)
Run time (dynamic)
Last time prediction (single-bit)
Two-bit counter based prediction
Two-level prediction (global vs. local)
Hybrid

30. STATIC BRANCH PREDICTION (I)
Always not-taken
Simple to implement: no need for BTB, no direction prediction
Low accuracy: ~30-40%
Compiler can layout code such that the likely path is the “not- taken” path
Always taken
No direction prediction
Better accuracy: ~60-70%
Backward branches (i.e. loop branches) are usually taken
Backward branch: target address lower than branch PC
Backward taken, forward not taken (BTFN)
Predict backward (loop) branches as taken, others not-taken

31. STATIC BRANCH PREDICTION (II)
Profile-based
Idea: Compiler determines likely direction for each branch using profile run. Encodes that direction as a hint bit in the branch instruction format.
+ Per branch prediction (more accurate than schemes in previous slide)  accurate if profile is representative!
-- Requires hint bits in the branch instruction format
-- Accuracy depends on dynamic branch behavior:
TTTTTTTTTTNNNNNNNNNN  50% accuracy TNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTNTN  50% accuracy
-- Accuracy depends on the representativeness of profile input set

32. STATIC BRANCH PREDICTION (III)
Program-based (or, program analysis based)
Idea: Use heuristics based on program analysis to determine statically- predicted direction
Opcode heuristic: Predict BLEZ as NT (negative integers used as error values in many programs)
Loop heuristic: Predict a branch guarding a loop execution as taken (i.e., execute the loop)
Pointer and FP comparisons: Predict not equal
+ Does not require profiling
-- Heuristics might be not representative or good
-- Requires compiler analysis and ISA support
Ball and Larus, ”Branch prediction for free,” PLDI 1993.
20% misprediction rate

33. STATIC BRANCH PREDICTION (III)
Programmer-based
Idea: Programmer provides the statically-predicted direction
Via pragmas in the programming language that qualify a branch as likely- taken versus likely-not-taken
+ Does not require profiling or program analysis
+ Programmer may know some branches and their program better than other analysis techniques
-- Requires programming language, compiler, ISA support
-- Burdens the programmer?

34. STATIC BRANCH PREDICTION
All previous techniques can be combined
Profile based
Program based
Programmer based
How would you do that?
What are common disadvantages of all three techniques?
Cannot adapt to dynamic changes in branch behavior
This can be mitigated by a dynamic compiler, but not at a fine granularity (and a dynamic compiler has its overheads…)

35. Samira Khan University of Virginia Sep 26, 2018
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
CS 6354
Branch Prediction I
Samira Khan
University of Virginia
Sep 26, 2018
The content and concept of this course are adapted from CMU ECE 740