1. I. Geography Skills
A. Terms

2. 1. Latitude:
- Distance north or south of equator
- Lines called parallels

3. 2. Equator: 0 degrees latitude - halfway between North and South Poles

5. 3. Longitude:
Distance east and west of Prime Meridian
Lines called meridians

6. 4. Prime Meridian:
0 degrees longitude, at Greenwich, England;
time start point

7. 5. International Date Line –180 degrees longitude

8. 6. Grid: formed by lines of lat. and long.

9. Tripoli: 33° North Lat. and 13° East Long.

10. 7. Degrees - measure of distance: 60 minutes in degree
60 seconds in minute
Example:
36°37’30"N 087°26’22"W

11. 8. Hemispheres – half of the globe
Western and Eastern
Map of the World, 1597
Northern and Southern
map dated 1/1/1790

12. B. Mapmaking

13. 1. Map: flat diagram of all or part of Earth’s surface

14. 2. Atlas: collection of maps in one book

15. 3. Map Projections: Ways of showing round world on flat maps

16. C. Map Essentials

17. 1. Legend or Key – explain what symbols represent

18. 2. Compass Rose – arrows point in cardinal directions

19. 3. Scales – measure distance

20. 4. Inset maps –small part of larger map

21. D. Working with maps

22. 1. Physical-political maps: show physical and political features

23. 2. Climate Maps: show weather patterns

24. 3. Population maps: show where people live, population density

25. 4. Economic maps: show resources, industries

26. E. Using Graphs and Diagrams

27. Bar graph Pie Graph Line Graph
1. Three common types
Bar graph Pie Graph Line Graph
Chart Chooser

28. 2. Climograph – compares temperature and precipitation

29. 3. Tables – statistical information

30. 4. Timelines – Events over a period of time

31. II. Geography and History

32. A. Themes of geography

33. 1. Location - where a place is on Earth

34. 1101 Bastogne Avenue, Ft. Campbell, KY
Absolute Location – exact spot
Relative Location – position in relation to
other places
1101 Bastogne Avenue, Ft. Campbell, KY
Between Gates 2 and 3

35. 2. Place - physical or human characteristics make it different

36. 3. Human-Environment Interaction –
humans shape/change/adapt to the
environment

37. 4. Movement - People, goods, and ideas
move continuously: spatial interaction

38. B. Themes of History

39. 1. Economics - development of economic systems

40. 2. Government - different forms how they affect society

41. 3. Culture - Influence on social and political events

42. 4. Science and Technology - effects on culture and society

43. 5. Citizenship -
Rights and responsibilities
Society’s ideas of citizenship

44. 6. Belief Systems

45. Prehistory - time before history, before writing was invented
C. How Do We Know?
Prehistory - time before history, before writing was invented

46. 1. Anthropologist - Study origins and development of people and societies
Anthropology studies all aspects of human life in all geographic regions of all time periods

47. 2. Archaeologist – study artifacts of past people and cultures

48. 3. Geologists date artifacts by age of nearby rocks

49. Animal bones dug up in an Indian trash midden
4. Botanists and zoologists examine seeds and animal bones to determine diet
Animal bones dug up in an Indian trash midden

50. 5. Climatologists determine past the weather conditions

51. 6. Biologists analyze human bones or bloodstains on tools, weapons

52. D. Historians Reconstruct the Past
Study how people lived using artifacts and written records
A tortoise shell from the Shang period ( BC) inscribed with characters believed to be the first form of Chinese writing

53. 1. Written records began as oral traditions
African Griots – (1925)

54. 2. Oral tradition include:
Family history
Stories about heroes
Events in the past

55. 3. Tell how a society lived and what people considered important