1. Liberalism & Nationalism -> Revolutions
Jan 14th, 2011
Liberalism & Nationalism -> Revolutions

2. Greek Revolution ( )

3. Eastern Question: What eastern power would fill the void left by the fall of the Ottoman Empire?
European countries wanted Greece to rise b/c Greeks were Christian

4. England, France & Russia helped Greece defeat the Turks & Egyptians & earn its autonomy
Irony: Members of the Concert of Europe supported a Nationalistic cause

5. Revolutions of 1830 & 1848

6. France in 1830: July Revolution

7. King Charles X wanted to impose absolutism
Radical revolt in Paris forced him to abdicate the throne
Louis Philippe (not Bourbon, but of the Orleans family) took the throne & re-instituted the constitutional monarchy

9. “Bourgeoisie King” & helped upper-middle class bourgeoisie bankers & businessmen
This rev’n ignited several rev’ns throughout Europe

10. France in 1848: February Rev’n

11. King Louis Philippe forced to give up the throne due to pressure from the working class & liberals

12. 2nd French Republic established
Reforms
National workshops put unemployed to work
Abolished slavery & the death penalty
Max of a 10hr work day in Paris

13. From what play/book/movie is this song from?

14. France in 1848: June Days Rev’n

15. Gov’t closed the national workshops
Ignited tension between the bourgeoisie & the working class
Gen’l Cavaignac became a dictator & crushed the revolt. Victory for conservatives

16. The Election of 1848 - Louis Napoleon defeats Cavaignac & becomes president of the Republic
1852, he becomes Emperor Napoleon III

17. England
By 1820, conservative stranglehold over England’s gov’t came to an end
Reforms were initiated
Prisons & the criminal code
Allowed labor unions
An efficient metropolitan police force “bobbies”
Less religious restrictions

18. Reform Bill of 1832 Earl Grey, the leader of the Whigs
Gave more political representation to urban industrial districts
Decreased the political power of the House of Lords
Empowered the House of Commons

19. Labor Reforms Factory Act of 1833: kids younger than 9 couldn’t work
Mines Act, 1842: Outlawed kids working in mines
10 Hour Act, 1847: 10 hr max work day for women & kids

20. Chartists The People’s Charter Movement for universal suffrage
Failed until the late 19th century

21. Irish Potato Famine & the efforts of the Anti-Corn Law League finally repealed the Corn Laws in 1846

22. Austria

23. Hungary Louis Kossuth: Magyar leader who wanted independence
Declarations of Autonomy
Czechs in Bohemia, Italian provinces & Hungary
Initially, the rev’ns won, Metternich fled & the Austrian Empire collapsed

24. The revolutionary gov’t failed to govern effectively
Austrian army regroups, & gets aid from Russia to defeat the Hungarian army
Hapsburgs restore royal absolutism

25. Germany German Confederation or Bund.
Inspired by the nationalistic & liberal revolutions of 1848, liberals demanded a constitutional gov’t & a union of German states

27. Frankfurt Parliament 1848 Hoped to unify the German states
Prussian people presented a constitution to the Prussian King Frederick William IV
Fred rejects the liberal constitution, claiming “divine right”

28. Imposed a conservative constitution guaranteeing royal control of gov’t
Prussian people give up (“Humiliation of Olmlutz”) on trying to unify the German states b/c Austria wouldn’t let it happen -> Tension

29. 1830 Revolutions

30. 1830 Revolutions
The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of Europe after the long years of Revolution & Napoleonic Wars.
The conservatives did NOT reverse ALL of the reforms put in place by the French Revolution.
Liberalism would challenge the conservative plan for European peace & law & order.

31. These revolutions were successful only in W. Europe:
Their success was b/c of their popular support.
Middle class would lead, aided by the urban lower classes.

32. Pre-1848 Tensions: Long-Term
Industrialization
Economic challenges to rulers.
Rapid urbanization.
Challenges to the artisan class.
Population doubled in the 18c
Food supply problems
Ideological Challenges
Liberalism, nationalism, democracy, socialism.

33. Romanticism Repressive Measures Carlsbad Decrees
Secret police created in many European states.

34. Pre-1848 Tensions: Short-Term
Agricultural Crises
Poor cereal harvests
prices rose 60% in one year.
Potato blight  Ireland
Prices rose 135% for food in one year!
Financial Crises
Investment bubbles burst  railways, iron, coal.
Unemployment increased rapidly [esp. among the artisan class].

35. Why did the 1848 Revolutions Fail?
They failed to attract popular support from the working classes.
The middle classes led these revolutions, but as they turned radical, the middle class held back.
Nationalism divided more than united.
Where revolutions were successful, the Old Guard was left in place & they turned against the revolutionaries.

36. Some gains lasted [abolition of serfdom, etc.]
BUT, in the long term, most liberal gains would be solidified by the end of the 19c:
The unification of Germany & Italy.
The collapse of the Hapsburg Empire at the end of World War I.

37. Important Notes about the 1830 & 1848 Revolutions
Success of the revolutions didn’t last long b/c of conservative efforts
Largely urban
Universal male suffrage introduced in France
Serfdom continued to be abolished in Austria & German states

38. The Bottom Line It looked like the Conservative forces had triumphed.
BUT…
Things had changed forever.
Economic/social problems continued to be constant challenges to the ruling order.
Conservatives would have to make concessions in order to stay in power.
Many of the limited Liberal achievements remained permanent.