1. Central Nervous System
Chapter 13

2. Meninges
Protective coverings of the brain & spinal cord

3. Meninges Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater
Strong, white, fibrous
Arachnoid membrane
Web-like
Pia mater
Transparent
On brain & spinal cord
Contains blood vessels

4. Spaces around Meninges
Epidural
Under bone, above dura
Fat & other connective tissue
Subdural
Between dura & arachnoid
Has fluid to lubricate
Subarachnoid
Between arachnoid & pia mater
Contains lots of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

5. Coverings of CNS Skin Periosteum (of bone) Bone Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Brain

6. Cerebrospinal Fluid Provides cushion
Found in subarachnoid space and within spaces of brain and spinal cord
Formed by separation of fluid from blood
Fluid-filled spaces in brain called ventricles

7. Fluid-filled Ventricles

8. Spinal Cord About 18 in. long Extends to 1st lumbar vertebrae
Cylindrical; narrows at end
2 bulges: cervical & lumbar
Divides into “tracts” which are all from same areas and have same functions

9. Spinal Cord Provides conduction routes to & from brain
Serves as reflex center for spinal reflexes

10. Spinal Cord

11. Overview of Brain 100 bln neurons 900 bln glia Weighs ~ 3 lb
Only mitosis at fetal stage…after that only growth in size
Full size at ~18 yrs

12. Brain Anatomy

13. Brainstem Basic life functions: breathing, heart beat, vessel dilation
Basic reflexes: vomit, cough, sneeze, hiccup, swallow

14. Cerebellum Separated from cerebrum by “transverse fissure”
Has many grooves (sulci, sulcus) and raised areas (gyri, gyrus)
Motor Functions
Coordinates muscle groups (skilled mvmts)
Controls posture
Controls skeletal muscles to keep balance

15. What is it?
cerebellum
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

16. thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Diencephalon
In middle of brain
Made up of 3 main areas:
thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

17. Thalamus Relay station for sensory info going to cerebral cortex
Associates sensory input with feelings
Arousal/alerting mechanisms

18. Hypothalamus Beneath thalamus; pituitary gland attached below
Links NS to endocrine system
Pleasure-reward center
Integrates autonomic functions
Mind-body link
Appetite center
Body temp. regulation
Maintaining waking state

19. Regulates “body clock”
Pineal Gland (Body)
Posterior to thalamus
Regulates “body clock”
Makes melatonin

20. Surface (top 2-4mm) is called the cerebral cortex
Cerebrum
Has 2 hemispheres
Surface (top 2-4mm) is called the cerebral cortex

21. Lobes of the Cerebrum
Parietal
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal

22. Self-Quiz!
Answer on a “left-side” page

23. 1. Name It! A D B C

24. 2. Name It! What does it do? C A* B*

25. 3. Name It! What does it do? C A D B

26. Landmarks of the Cerebrum
Central Sulcus
between frontal & parietal lobes
Longitudinal fissure
Divides into L/R sides (not shown)
Transverse fissure
Between occipital & cerebellum
Lateral fissure
between temporal & upper section

27. Connects left and right hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Connects left and right hemispheres

28. Integrative Cerebral Functions
Consciousness
State of awareness of self & surroundings
Language
Usually on left side
Broca’s area: movements of speech
Wernicke’s: sensory speech (see/hear)

29. Integrative Cerebral Functions
Emotions
Involves the limbic system
Memory
Much still unknown
Related to limbic system but also several cerebral areas

30. Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Look for landmarks
Need to know location & general function
Remember: these are generalities…most functions are integrated through many areas of brain
“Primary cortex” areas receive info, while “association areas” evaluate that info

31. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Postcentral gyrus – primary somatic sensory area

32. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Somatic sensory association area

33. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Gustatory area - taste

34. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Visual cortex – (primary + association)

35. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Wernicke’s area – sensory speech

36. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Auditory cortex – primary + association

37. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Precentral gyrus – primary somatic motor area

38. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Premotor area

39. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Broca’s area – motor speech

40. Functional Areas of the Cortex
Locate on your handout:
Prefrontal area – higher reasoning; judgment

41. Specialization of Hemispheres
Right Side:
Perception of some auditory msgs (melody, coughs, crying, laughing); tactile perception; spatial relationships
Left Side:
Language functions; skilled & gesturing movements

42. The End

43. Fake Quiz - Brain
Answer on a “left-side” page that does not already have a picture of a brain on it.
You are welcome to sketch the picture and label instead of just writing the answers.
Take note of the ones you DO NOT know off the top of your head…those need special emphasis when you study tonight!

44. Fake Quiz – Brain 1. What is the structure marked with the RED LINE?
2. What is the name of the YELLOW part?
3. What is CONTROLLED on the YELLOW part?

45. Fake Quiz – Brain 4. What is the name of the PURPLE part?
5. What is CONTROLLED on the PURPLE part?
6. Which LOBE is the PURPLE part in?

46. Fake Quiz – Brain 7. On which color gyrus is the GUSTATORY cortex?
8. What division separates the purple & yellow from the lobe below? Which LOBE is below them?

47. Fake Quiz – Brain A B C D E F G 9. Name each functional part.
10. Describe the function of each part.