1. Fossil Protista

2. Kingdom Protista
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Sarcodina
Class Granuloreticulosa
Subclass Rhizopoda
Order Foraminifera
Suborder Allogrominna simple, organic
Suborder Textulariina agglutinated sand
Suborder Lagenina uniserial sac-shaped
Suborder Fusulina large spindle-shaped
Suborder Miliolina imperforate porcelaneous calcite
Suborder Rotaliina hyaline multichambered spirals
Suborder Globigeriina bubble-shaped spirals
Subclass Radiolaria
Order Spumellaria spherical symmetry
Order Nasellaria conical symmetry
Division Chrysophyta (“golden brown algae”)
Class Bacillariophyceae diatoms
Class Coccolithophyceae coccolithophorids (calc. nannofossils)

3. Protoplasm
Pseudopodia
Algal symbionts
Test

4. Alternation of Generations

5. Foraminifer Tests – geometric patterns of overlapping chambers
Cushman Foundation

7. Foram Evolution Cambrian - agglut. cylindrical tubes
Silurian – enrolled tubes
Devonian – multichambered agglut. forms
Carboniferous – bi-, triserial, and trochospiral forms, agglut. and calcitic (appearance of miliolines & lagenines)
Carb-Perm – Fusulinaceans – large “grain of wheat” shaped
Mesozoic – benthics diversify and spread to all modern habitats
Planktonics first appear in mid Jurassic
3 sp. of planktonic survived K/T, diversified in Cenozoic
Large Rotaliines (nummulitids, discocyclinids, lepidocyclinids) up to 3 cm developed
E/O extinction
Good examples of iterative evolution, convergent evolution

8. Fusulinids

9. Nummulites

10. RADIOLARIA

11. Nassellaria - conical
Spumellaria - spherical

12. Radiolarian Evolution
Radiolarian Ecology
Marine – depths less than 1000m (usually < 100m with symbiotes)
Species are depth zoned
Zonation may be more temperature than depth
Distribution in seds eflects the CCD
Used in CLIMAP
Apparently reproduce by asexual cloning
Radiolarian Evolution
Cambrian to Recent
Depth zonation by Silurian
Strongly affected by Permo-Triassic ext. but not by K/T
First Nassellarians inTriassic
Diversity peaked in Cretaceous and late Cenozoic
Many morphotypes may be ecophenotypic variants

13. DIATOMS Test = frustule Radial symm = Centrales
Bilateral symm = Pennales

14. Diatom Ecology Diatom Evolution
Marine & fresh – depths less than 100m (photosynthetic algae)
Important in Food Chain
Most of life repro asexually - getting smaller as new valve fits inside old
When too small repro sexually
resting spore stage - statospore
common in upwelling, cold waters, good indicators of paleoenvironment
Diatom Evolution
Jurassic to Recent
High diversity by Cretaceous suggests unpreserved prior history
Unaffected by K/T
Trend toward reduced silica

15. Coccolithophores
Coccoliths
Coccospheres

16. Coccolith Ecology Coccolith Evolution
Shallow marine (<200m), most are euryhaline
Temperature zonation
Distribution reflects CCD and “fecal express”
Very small - coccosphere can fit inside a foram test
Coccoliths formed in interior vesicles
Coccoliths are not necessarily species specific
Single species may have different types in layers
Most repro by asexual fission
Some have alternating flagellated motile and non-motile stages
May have sexual repro
Coccolith Evolution
(Paleozoic ?) Late Triassic to Recent
Decimated by K/T – species survived
Present day diversity at a minimum
1 Species may have several morphotypes