1. Central Nervous Sytem

2. about 100 billion multipolar neurons
The Brain
about 100 billion multipolar neurons

3. Divided into 4 major sections
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

4. Protective covering
meninges

5. Meningitis
Infection and swelling of the meninges (membrane that surrounds brain and spinal cord)
Can be viral or bacterial

6. Blood-brain barrier

7. Infections
Shingles- infection of peripheral nervous system by herpes zoster virus
Pain, skin discoloration, line of skin blisters
Poliomyelitis- poliovirus attacks neuron cell bodies
Fever, headaches, stiff neck and back, pain and weakness
Can cause paralysis

8. Cerebrospinal fluid provides protection, maintains proper ion concentration for the CNS, and provides a pathway to the blood for waste

10. Brain Stem Connects cerebrum and diencephalon to the spinal cord
Midbrain- reflexes
Pons- breathing
Medulla oblongata- heart rate, breathing, blood pressure
Reticular formation- arousal (comatose state)

11. Cerebellum Anterior and posterior lobes
Coordination of desired movements
Regulates posture and balance
Cognitive and language processing

12. Diencephalon
Located between cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain
Contains:
Thalmus- relay station for sensory impulses
Hypothalmus- maintains homeostasis by regulating:
Heart rate
Temperature
Water/ electrolyte balance
Hunger
Glandular secretions
Sleep
link

13. - Epithalamus- superior and posterior to
Contains pineal gland- secretes
hormone melatonin (endocrine)

14. Diencephalon

16. Cerebrum Divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres by the corpus callosum
Convolutions- ridges of the brain (gyri)
Sulcus- shallow groove
Fissure- deep groove

17. The Basal Ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus) act as a relay station for motor impulses travelling from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
link

18. Parkinson's Disease Progressive disorder of CNS
Usually seen around age 60
Changes in substantia nigra and basal ganglia
Too little dopamine produced (neurotransmitter)
Too much acetylcholine produced

19. The cerebral cortex interconnects with the basal ganglia, the thalmus and the hypothalmus to form the Limbic System
Controls emotional experience and expression
link

20. Lobes of the cerebrum (higher brain function)
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula

21. Covered in a thin layer of gray matter called the Cerebral Cortex
Motor area (mostly frontal)
Sensory area (mostly parietal)
Association areas (throughout cerebrum)
Frontal- concentration, problem solving, planning
Parietal- compose speech, touch sensation
Temporal understand speech, reading, music
Occipital- analyzing visual patterns

22. patb

23. can map somatosensory areas (lips and hands large area, trunk and limbs small area)

24. Sensory and Motor areas of the cerebral cortex
link

25. Alzheimer's Disease Afflicts about 11% of population over 65
Deterioration of mind
Loss of neurons in specific regions
Abnormal plaque deposits
Tangled protein filaments in neurons
Diagnosis difficult

26. Huntington Disease link
Devastating, degenerative brain disorder for which there is, at present, no effective treatment or cure
Genetic- autosomal dominant (50% chance to pass to children)
link

27. frog
bird
cat

28. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
link

31. Spinal Cord Injury
Damaged by compression (tumor, herniated disc, blood clots, penetrating wounds, traumatic events)
Can lead to paralysis
Monoplegia- one extremity
Paraplegia- both lower extremities
Quadriplegia- both upper and lower extremities

34. Multiple Sclerosis
Progressive destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons in CNS
Form scleroses (hardened scars or plaques)
Slows conduction
Average onset age 33
Progressive loss of function interspersed with remission periods

35. Peripheral nervous system
Nerve structure-
very similar to
structure of
muscle!!
link

36. Cranial nerves I - Olfactory II - Optic III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Auditory
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII - Hypoglassal

37. Spinal nerves and
plexuses (tangled
networks of axons)