1. Basics of Chemistry
Module 12 – 16’

2. Chemistry
Chemistry - Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions
Organic Chemistry – is the study of substances that contain carbon
All living things are made up of compounds that contain carbon
Organic compounds will burn

3. Inorganic Chemistry – branch of chemistry dealing with compounds lacking carbon
Inorganic substances are not, and never were alive
Inorganic substances will not burn
Did You Know? Page 255

4. Matter Any substances that occupies space
Has physical and chemical properties
Exists in the form of solid, liquid, or gas

5. Elements The simplest form of matter
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances without loss of identity
90 naturally occurring
Identified by a letter symbol
Periodic Table of Elements

6. Atoms
Smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of the element
Cannot be divided into smaller substances by ordinary chemical means

7. Molecules
Formed by chemically joining two or more atoms in definite proportions
Elemental Molecules – contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united in definite proportions

8. Compound Molecules – chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements definite proportions and distinct properties
Salt or water
Pure Hydrogen Peroxide
Figure 12-1, 12-2, page 256

9. States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Table 12 -1 page 257
Definite shape and volume
Liquid
Definite volume, but not shape
Gas
Does not have definite volume or shape
Table page 257

10. Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
Physical Properties
Those characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction
Do not cause a chemical change in the identify of the substances
Color, odor, weight, density, gravity, melting point, boiling pint, hardness

11. Chemical Properties
Those characteristics that can only be determined with a chemical reaction
Cause a chemical change in the identity of the substances
Chemical reaction known as oxidation creates a chemical change in the identity of the substances
Rusting iron – rust
Burning wood - ash

12. Chemical Change
Is a change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance by a chemical reaction that creates a new substance or substances
The result of a chemical reaction that creates new chemicals that have new chemical and physical properties
Oxidation of haircolor
Polymerization of acrylic (methacrylate) nail enhancements

13. Physical and Chemical Changes
Physical Change
A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without the formation of a new substance
No chemical reaction involved
No new chemicals are formed
Solid ice changes into water
Temporary hair color changes the appearance of hair by physically adding color to the surface of the hair

14. Oxidation-reduction – redox – chemical reaction where the oxidizing agent is reduced (loses oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (gains the oxygen)
Oxidizing Agent – substance that releases oxygen.
Reducing Agent – substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.

15. Reduction – process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through chemical reaction
Reduction Reaction – the above chemical reaction
Oxidation & reduction happen at same time
Did You Know - page 258
Figure 12 – 6

16. Oxidation requires oxygen
Exothermic Reactions – chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat
Combustion – is a rapid oxidation of a substance with the production of heat and light
Lighting a match
Oxidation requires oxygen

17. Pure Substances and Physical Mixtures
Is a chemical combination of matter
Definite proportions
Have unique properties
Atoms, elements, elemental compounds and compound molecules are pure substances

18. Physical mixture is a physical combination of matter in any proportion
Properties of a physical mixture are the combined properties of the substances in the mixture
Saltwater
Figure 12-7, PP 259

19. Physical Mixtures – physical combination of matter
Tale 12-2, PP 260
Physical Mixtures – physical combination of matter
Mixed in any proportion
Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide

20. Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions
Solution is a stable mixture of 2 or more mixable substances
Solids, liquids, gaseous
Solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution
Usually a liquid
No change in chemical composition

21. Miscible liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed into stable solutions
Mixed in any proportion without separating
Water and alcohol
Immiscible liquids are not capable of being mixed into stable solutions
Water and oil

22. Suspension is an unstable mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid
Particles visible to the naked eye
Not usually transparent
May e colored
Oil and vinegar

23. Emulsion is an unstable mixture of 2 or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier
Emulsify means “to form an emulsion”
Emulsifier – an ingredient that brings 2 normally incompatible material together & binds them into uniform & fairly stable blend

24. Surfactants – substances that allow oil & water to mix or emulsify
Surfactant – contraction for surface active agent
Table 12 – 3 page 262
Hydrophilic
Lipophilic

25. Oil-in-water emulsion
Water-in-oil emulsion
Other physical mixtures
Figure 12-9, – page 254
Did You Know - Page 255

26. Common Chemical Product Ingredients
Volatile alcohols
Aklanolamines
Ammonia
Glycerin
Silicones
Volatile Organic Compounds

27. Potential Hydrogen (pH)
Water & pH
The pH Scale
Acids & Alkalis
Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions
Chemistry will help you in the Salon
Figure 12 – 13 page 258