1. Commanding CNS Invasion: GM-CSF
Junjie Zhao, Lillian Sun, Xiaoxia Li 
Immunity 
Volume 46, Issue 2, Pages (February 2017)
DOI: /j.immuni
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 GM-CSF Drives the Expansion of CNS-Invading Phagocytes
Dysregulated production of GM-CSF by T helper cells induces the expansion of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MdCs) in the periphery. The GM-CSF-expanded inflammatory MdCs are capable of producing IL-1β and ROS, which breach the blood-brain barrier and activate the microglia. Activated microglia secrete CCL2 and further recruit the CCR2-expressing inflammatory MCs into the CNS. The infiltrating inflammatory MCs then differentiate into ROS-producing phagocytes, resulting in demyelination and loss of nerve fiber.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions