1. Chapter 24
Industrialization & Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order

2. Characterizing the New Expansion
Motivated by spice trade (profit motive)
Expansion was gradual
European enclaves existed along coasts
Indirect rule (subjugated local rulers)
Little to no influence on local culture
Motivated by competition (empire motive)
Expansion is rapid
Europeans move inward to rule whole countries
Direct rule
Heavily influenced the “inferior” local cultures (taught European languages, customs etc)

3. Shift to Land Empires in Asia
18th century European presence in Asia is characterized by:
Trade companies who wanted trade rights, not territory
Profit motives, not territorial acquisitions
Leeway on how to interact with natives
Slow communication with directors/rulers

4. Java: The European Prototype
Java (island in Indonesia)
Dutch begin as vassals to the sultans of Mataram—later they support rivals in the sultan’s overthrow
The price for their support= direct administration of spice islands
Becomes the model for Europeans—use military superiority to create alliances, gain influence, and later, total control.

5. British Rule in India Similar to Dutch approach in Java
First Phase: British East India Co. meddles in local disputes, gains allies, uses Indian sepoys to gain truest of Indian princes
Second Phase: British move from being pawns of Indian princes to being their most serious rivals.

6. British Rule in India (con’t)
Turning point: Battle at Plassey (Robert Clive)
Differences from the Dutch:
British Raj gain control b/c of global battles with the French; not inland raids
British owe victories as much to Hindu financial backing and key Indian defections as to superior technology/fighting skills

7. Consolidation of British Rule
Third Phase: Final advance into war-weakened India
Mughal empire falling apart; regional rulers struggle on their own
British expansion centers from three cities: Madras, Bombay & Calcutta
These cities become presidencies, where the bulk of British territory lies
Regional rulers who are allies to the British rule princely states

8. Why India Loses Same old problems:
Regionalism means a lack of national identity (makes it hard to unite and drive out the British)
Old hatreds between rulers (especially Hindu vs. Muslim) run deeper than hatred of British
Ordinary Indians preferred better pay and better technology under British rule

9. The Growth of the British Empire in India, From the 1750s to 1858

10. Early Colonial Society in India and Java (until 19th c.)
Native social systems were left largely undisturbed (Europeans placed themselves on top of pre-existing social structure)
Adaptation (clothing, housing) was necessary for the new tropical climate
Lack of European women leads to mixed marriages with Asian women

11. Social Reform (early 19th c.)
18th c.=Nabobs symbolic of rampant corruption of trade companies
Parliament (Lord Cornwallis) reforms India
Utilitarians & Evangelicals promote Western values as key to reform
Westerners focus on elimination of cultural practices like sati
19th c.=Laws passed (sati outlawed)
Indian reformers (Ram Mohun Roy) bolster support for Western reforms
British policies are a watershed moment for world history—they signify the new balance of power and a new way of looking at the world.

12. Industrial Rivalries & the Partition of the World
Early 19th c. = Britain dominates (due to superior naval power)
Late 19th c. = Belgium, France, and the heavily industrialized Germany and USA challenge British control
Political = intense rivalry; territory = power
Economic = colonies seen as security for economic downturns
Social = colonies seen as “safety valves” for potential social unrest

13. Colonial Wars and Imperialism
Scientific discovery/technology leapfrogs Europeans over others
Advanced weaponry, communication, transportation and metallurgy
Tech. advantage makes it impossible for native populations to resist—wars are lopsided despite fierce native resistance

14. Patterns of Dominance Two types of colonies prevail in 19th c.
Tropical Dependencies (Africa, Asia & South Pacific)
Small numbers of Europeans ruling over large native pop.
Settlement Colonies (N. America & Australia)
Mass migrations of European settlers who made colony their home. Create White Dominions as native populations were dispersed/decimated.

15. Colonial Regimes/ Social Hierarchies
Java is model for India; India model for Africa & Asia
Europeans exploit divisions
European settle mainly in large cities/towns and administer gov’t through thousands of native subordinates
Major Differences
Higher education NOT promoted in Africa
Language skills left to Christian missionaries

16. Social Relations Between Colonizer and Colonized
White racial supremacy becomes the norm
European scholars use science to “prove” racial and moral superiority of the West
Increasing tension seen as intermixing between cultures is looked down upon
Europeans live separate from natives
Laws restrict mixed marriages

17. Analyze the Cartoon

18. Analyze the Cartoon

19. Methods of Economic Extraction
Some things don’t change (Western rulers helped by native subordinates)
Drive to increase production but lower costs
Colonies become increasingly dependent
Sources for cash crops
Remain underdeveloped
Rely on colonial power for manufactured goods
Punished for not meeting quotas (ex.—Belgium’s Congo known as the “heart of darkness”)

20. Settler Colonies Variety of patterns of control established
Settler colonies vary widely
Early settled areas impacted by epidemic disease
Older areas see more culture transmitted
Some places resist; other do not

21. South Africa Dutch presence (Boers) enslaves native people (Khoikhoi)
1850s= Dutch Republics established
Transvaal & Orange Free State
1790s= British fight for control
Great Trek (move inland creates clashed with Bantu peoples)
Boer War ( ) after diamonds and gold are discovered

22. The Partition of Africa between c. 1870 and 1914

23. Pacific Tragedies Areas claimed by Europe, Japan or US
Similar experience to Native Americans
No immunity to diseases (isolation)
Vulnerable to outside influences, which often led to social disintegration

24. New Zealand & Hawaii New Zealand 1790s, first Europeans
Alcoholism, prostitution spread
Maoris adopt firearms
1850s = time of change
British farmers, herders arrive
Maoris pushed into interior
Adopt European culture
Hawaii
James Cook opens Hawaii to the West
Prince Kamehameha convinced that Westernization/military aid, would help him unify his kingdom
Disease devastates population
Huge influx of Asian workers /American settlers
Push for annexation
Real imperialism comes later, when in 1893, last ruler deposed
1898, annexed by United States

25. Global Connections
Understand the importance and implications of this chapter
Industrialization and advances in science and technology catapult the West ahead of the rest of the world
Thus creates an important new mindset among the West—that it is their God-given right to colonize
Colonization itself moves from an indirect form to a direct form, changing/destroying native culture and supplanting the “superior” western cultural models
The West will dominate the next two centuries of history for much of Asia and Africa the ramifications of this are still being felt today.