1. Information Conveyed by Vowels (Ladefoged and Broadbent)
Three kinds of information conveyed
Linguistic
Meaning of utterance

2. Information Conveyed by Vowels (Ladefoged and Broadbent)
Three kinds of information conveyed
Linguistic
Meaning of utterance
Sociolinguistic
Social class
Region of origin
Ethnicity

3. Information Conveyed by Vowels (Ladefoged and Broadbent)
Three kinds of information conveyed
Linguistic
Meaning of utterance
Sociolinguistic
Social class
Region of origin
Ethnicity
Idiosyncratic
Gender
Personal vocal characteristics

4. Information Conveyed by Vowels (Ladefoged and Broadbent)
Most information about vowels is in formants

5. Two theories
Vowel identification is made by absolute values of formants (with a little wiggle room)
It's [I] because F1 is about 270 and F2 is about 2290

6. Two theories
Vowel identification is made by absolute values of formants (with a little wiggle room)
It's [I] because F1 is about 270 and F2 is about 2290
Vowel identification depends on relative formant frequencies for individual speaker

7. Two theories Bob's [e] in red Bill's [e] in blue
Bob's vowels are all lower than Bill's
If you heard Bob use Bill's [e] you'd hear [i]

8. Two theories
Bill's and Bob's [i, e, æ] are identified in respect to each other not to a particular formant frequency
[i]
[e]
[æ]

9. Two theories
“The effect that the phonetic quality of a vowel depends on the relationship between the formant frequencies for that vowel and the format frequencies of other vowels pronounced by that speaker.”
It's the relationships between vowels not the absolute F1 and F2 frequencies

10. The experiment Please say what this word is produced by synthesizer
Six different versions
Sounded like different people saying same thing

11. The experiment Four test words synthesized
Vowel ranged between bit, bet, bat, but

12. The experiment Four test words synthesized
Vowel ranged between bit, bet, bat, but
People heard a test sentence then a test word
They chose which word (bit, bet, bat, but) they heard

13. The experiment
If vowel identification depends on absolute frequencies the different versions of Please say what this word is shouldn't influence test word choice

14. The experiment
If vowel identification depends on absolute frequencies the different versions of Please say what this word is shouldn't influence test word choice
If vowel identification depends on relative difference between an individual's vowels, the different version of the test sentence will influence test word choice

15. The experiment

16. Connections with formal approaches
Formal approaches require static, unchanging symbolic units to be manipulated

17. Connections with formal approaches
Formal approaches require static, unchanging symbolic units to be manipulated
Vowels aren't static with absolute frequencies

18. Connections with formal approaches
Formal approaches require static, unchanging symbolic units to be manipulated
Vowels aren't static with absolute frequencies
Vowel identification depends on relative frequencies

19. Connections with formal approaches
Formal approaches require static, unchanging symbolic units to be manipulated
Vowels aren't static with absolute frequencies
Vowel identification depends on relative frequencies
How would formal approach account for the results of this experiment (done in 1957)?