1. Europe
In the
Middle Ages

2. Architecture
In the 11th and 12th centuries, an explosion of building in medieval Europe, especially of churches, took place.
Initially, these cathedrals were in the Romanesque style (favored in the late Roman Empire).

3. In the 12th century, a new Gothic style appeared.
The Gothic cathedral is one of the artistic triumphs of the High Middle Ages.

4. Two innovations made it possible:
Ribbed Vaults: and pointed arches replaced the barrel vault.
Flying Buttress:
A heavy, arched, stone support on the outside of the building.

6. The Rise of Universities
The modern-day university is a product of the High Middle Ages.
First university in Bologna, Italy.
First university in northern Europe: the University of Paris.
In the late 1100s, some students left Paris and went to England, founding a university at Oxford.
There were 80 European universities by 1500.

7. Curriculum:
Traditional liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.
Lecture method.
To graduate: students had to pass an oral examination with a committee of teachers.
No women attended these universities.
Post-graduate study
A student could go on to study law, medicine, or theology – the study of religion and God.
Universities provided the teachers, administrators, lawyers, and medical doctors for medieval society.

8. The Development of Scholasticism
Theology was the most highly regarded subject at medieval universities.
Scholasticism :
to harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophy, especially Aristotle.
Became very important in the 12th century
St. Thomas Aquinas made the most important attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christianity.

9. Vernacular Literature
Latin was the universal language of medieval civilization.
In the 12th century, new literature was being written in the vernacular – the everyday language of particular regions, such as Spanish, French, English, or German.
The most popular vernacular literature was troubadour poetry.
The heroic epic, was another type of vernacular literature.

10. The Black Death
In the 14th century: Black death hit Europe
the most devastating natural disaster in European History
Bubonic plague was the most common form of the Black Death.
Italian merchants brought it from Caffa, on the Black Sea.
Rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium spread it.
Usually, the Black Death followed trade routes.

11. Between :
38 million people died out of a population of 75 million.
People believed the plague was a punishment sent by God or caused by the devil.
Anti-Semitism (Jewish people blamed and killed)
Economic consequences:
Trade declined.
The shortage of workers made price of labor rise.
Peasants bargained with their lords to pay rent instead of owning services

13. The Decline of Church Power
Roman Catholic popes reached the height of their power in the 13th century.
A series of problems would lessened the Church’s political position.
European kings grew unwilling to accept the papal claims of supremacy over both religious and secular matters, as the struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France shows.
Philip IV wanted to tax the clergy.
Pope Boniface argued that any tax on clergy required the pope’s consent
Philip sent French forces to Italy to arrest Boniface
Boniface escaped, but then died
Philip fixed the election and he was able to put Clement V, as pope and the Great Schism resulted.

14. The Great Schism
The new pope established himself at Avignon (in Southern France),
not Rome.
The popes lived there from
Popes lived in luxury (thus, criticized)
Pope Gregory XI recognized the decline in papal prestige
and returned to Rome in 1377 but died soon after.

15. The Great Schism (continued)
Two Popes:
The citizens of Rome told the cardinals to elect an Italian pope or fear for their lives, so they elected an Italian, Pope Urban VI
5 months later, French cardinals declared the election invalid and elected a Frenchman as pope and he lived at Avignon
Now there were TWO popes!
They each declared the other the Antichrist (one who opposes Christ)
Three Popes:
To try to solve the problem, they elected a third pope
Now there were THREE popes!
The Church lost much credibility
Finally in 1417, the Great Schism ended when a new pope, acceptable to all was elected

16. The Great Schism lasted from 1378-1417 and had divided Europe.

17. Cries for Reform
This crisis in the Catholic Church led to cries for an end to the clergy’s corruption and the papacy’s excessive power.
Czech reformer John Hus (chancellor of University of Prague).
Accused of heresy
Lured to the Council of Constance by the Church’s promise of safety.
Burned at the stake after being
This ignited revolutionary action
By the early 1400s, then, the Church had lost most of its political power.

18. The Hundred Years’ War
The Path to War
In the 13th century, England still had a small possession in France, the duchy of Gascony.
King Philip VI of France tried to take it back.
King Edward III of England declared war on Philip in 1337.
The Role of Infantry
Turning point in the history of warfare.
Peasant foot soldiers won the chief battles of this war.
The English longbow had great striking power, long range, and a rapid rate of fire.

19. Early English Victories
The war’s first major battle was at Crecy in 1346.
At the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, 1500 French nobles died on the battlefield.

20. Ultimate French Victory
Joan of Arc, a French peasant woman, stepped in to aid France and the timid ruler of southern France, Charles.
She believed that saints commanded her to free France.
Her visions and predictions led France’s King Charles VII to put faith in her.
English captured her and turned her over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft.
She was burned at the stake.

21. Political Recovery of France
The Hundred Years’ War left France exhausted.
King Louis XI, who ruled from , greatly advanced the French state.
He strengthened the use of the taille – an annual direct tax on property or land – as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority.
This gave Louis the income that helped create a strong foundation for the monarchy.

22. England The Hundred Years’ War also strained England’s economy.
England faced more turmoil when the civil conflicts known as the War of tHouse of Lancaster: symbol was the red rose
House of York, whose symbol was a white rose.
he Roses broke out.

23. The Tudor Dynasty
In 1485, Henry Tudor established a new dynasty as Henry VII (he was a Lancasterian who married a York to solidify his claim to the throne!)

24. Spain Several Christian rulers had tried to win back Spain.
Muslims (the Moors) had conquered much of Spain by 725.
Several Christian rulers had tried to win back Spain.

25. Two of the strongest kingdoms were Aragon and Castile.

26. Ferdinand and Isabelle
When Isabelle of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, it was a big step towards unifying power in Spain. That included strict conformity to Catholicism (the Spanish Inquisition).

27. Catholic Spain 1492: all Jews were expelled from Spain
Grenada is re-conquered from the Muslims, they are forced to convert to Catholicism or voluntary leave Spain. In 1502, the Muslims were expelled.
In 1492, Columbus sailed to the “New World.”

28. The Holy Roman Empire
After 1438, the Hapsburg dynasty held the position of Holy Roman emperor.
By the mid-15th century, the Hapsburgs were very important rulers in Europe.

29. Poland
In Poland, the nobles established the right to elect their king, which weakened the monarchy.

30. Russia
Since the 13th century, Russia had been under control of the Mongols.
The great prince Ivan the Terrible established a new Russian state.
Ivan “the Terrible” (Ivan the Fearsome)
In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, and this may have caused a miscarriage.
His son engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son's (accidental) death.