1. Animal Form and Function
Chapter 40
Animal Form and Function

2. Tissues: groups of cells with a common structure and function -
Tissues: groups of cells with a common structure and function - 4 general categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

3. 1) Epithelial Covers surfaces and lines organs and cavities
Sometimes specialized for absorption or secretion; mucous secretions lubricates digestive and respiratory systems
Types:
Simple: single layer of cells
Stratified: multiple tiers of cells
Cuboidal (like dice)
Columnar (like bricks on end)
Squamous (like floor tiles)

4. 2) Connective
Bind and support other tissues (suspend organs in place)
Made of scattered cells in a matrix

5. Connective
Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissue; holds organs (aka body’s binding and packing tissue), made of:
1-Fibroblasts- secretes extracellular proteins
2-Macrophages- amoeboid WBC’s;
Adipose tissue (specialized type of loose)- fat storage; insulation

6. Types of Connective Tissue
1) Fibrous connective tissue: parallel bundles of cells
1-Tendons- muscles to bones
2-Ligaments- bones to bones; joints
2) Cartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix; strong but flexible support
3) Bone: dense network made of collagen and mineral deposits

7. Types of Connective Tissue, cont.
Blood: fluid matrix with different types of blood cells suspended
Loose connective tissue – binds epithelia to underlying tissue
Adipose tissues: contains fat cells; pads and insulates

8. 3) Muscle
Able to contract when stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins actin and myosin; 3 types:
A- Skeletal: powers voluntary movement (striated)
B- Cardiac: contractile wall of heart (branched striated fibers)
C- Smooth: involuntary activities (no striations), found around intestines and blood vessels

9. 4) Nervous (you can add these details to #2)
Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another

10. Organ systems ORGAN SYSTEMS Digestive - food processing
Circulatory - internal distribution of materials
Respiratory - gas exchange
Immune/Lymphatic - defense
Excretory - waste disposal; osmoregulation
Endocrine - coordination of body activities
Reproductive - reproduction
Nervous - detection of stimuli, coordination of body activities
Integumentary - protection
Skeletal - support; protection
Muscular - movement; locomotion

11. Internal regulation
Interstitial fluid: internal fluid environment of vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastes
Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance
Maintained by homeostatic control system:
1) Receptor detects changes in some variable of animal’s internal environment
2) Control center processes info from receptor and
3) directs response by effector

12. Negative Feedback
Negative feedback: change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation
Example: body temperature

13. Positive Feedback
Positive feedback: A change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change (rather than reverse it)
Example: uterine contractions at childbirth

14. Energy and Molecular Uses for Food

15. Energy Needs
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life
Larger organisms use less energy per kilogram

16. Metabolism: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions
Endotherms: bodies warmed by heat generated by metabolism
Many are able to maintain high and stable internal temp regardless of surroundings
Ex: mammals, birds (BMR kcal/day)
Ectotherms: bodies warmed by environment (smaller energy expenditures)
Low metabolic rate doesn’t generate enough heat to effect body temp
Ex: fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes (BMR 60)