1. Tek. Bioenergi (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian
18/19 Semester ganjil
Tek. Bioenergi (TKK-2129)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian

2. Biomass to energy technology
Biomass conversion into energy
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

3. Biodiesel Chemical structure What are biodiesel
Today B20 is the most common biodiesel blend because it balances property differences with conventional diesel, performance, emission benefits, and costs.
It can be used in equipment designed to use diesel fuel.
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

4. Biodiesel
What are biodiesel
Biodiesel is a cleaner burning replacement fuel made from renewable sources like new and used vegetable oils and animal fats
Low-level blends (≤20% biodiesel) can be used in almost any existing diesel engine
High-level blends (>20% can be used in most new diesel engines

5. Biodiesel Biodiesel should be stored 5-10 degrees F above cloud point.
What are biodiesel
Biodiesel should be stored 5-10 degrees F above cloud point.
Above ground fuel systems should be protected with insulation, agitation, heating systems, or other measure.
Test
Method
Cloud
Point
ASTM D2500
Pour Point
ASTM D97
Cold Filter
Plug Point
IP 309
B100 Fuel oF oC
Soy Methyl Ester 38 3 25 -4 28 -2
Canola Methyl Ester 26 -3 24
Lard Methyl Ester 56 13 55 52 11
Edible Tallow Methyl Ester 66 19 60 16 58 14
Inedible Tallow Methyl Ester 61 59 15 50 10
Yellow Grease 1 Methyl Ester -- 48 9
Yellow Grease 2 Methyl Ester 46 8 43 6 34 1
There are three properties of biodiesel that are useful when measuring its cold flow properties: cloud point, cold filter plug point, and pour point.
The cloud point is the temperature at which small solid crystals can first be visually seen when the biodiesel is being cooled off. This measurement is very conservative. The majority of biodiesels can be used below their cloud point without running into any problems.
The cold filter plug point is the temperature where biodiesel crystals have agglomerated enough plug a test filter. This temperature is less conservative than the cloud point, and is considered to be a better indication of low temperature operability.
The pour point temperature is the temperature at which the biodiesel contains so many agglomerated crystals that it is no longer able to flow. The pour point is useful when figuring out whether or not it can be pumped even if it would not be useful as a fuel at that temperature.
Stability is still a major concern for engine and fuel system manufacturers. When referencing fuels, stability refers to both long-term storage stability as well as aging and stability of recirculated fuel at elevated temperatures and/or pressures. When discussing diesel fuels, long-term storage stability is also known as oxidative stability. Similarly, stability at elevates system temperatures is also known as thermal stability.
To determine whether or not the fuel is oxidizing, the acid number and viscosity of B100 can be monitored. The most appropriate ways of doing so are to sample the inlet of B100 and to periodically sample the storage at set intervals of time. Fuel aging and oxidation in biodiesel can lead to high acid numbers, high viscosity, and the formation of gums and sediments that clog filters. If any of these three quantities exceeds the limits in ASTM D6751, the B100 is degraded beyond threshold and should be discarded. High oxidative stability in biodiesel signifies that it will take longer to surpass specifications. Low oxidative stability signifies that it will take less time to surpass specifications.
Sometimes deposits from the cleaning effect or solvency of B100 can clog filters much like the gums and sediments that form during long-term storage of fuel. As a result, it is very important to identify the reason for clogged filters. For example, if the viscosity of B100 is within specification, then sediment formation is probably a result of solvency instead of oxidation.

6. Biodiesel Biodiesel feedstock soybean oil in the United States
sunflower oils in Europe
palm oil in Southeast Asia (mainly Malaysia and Indonesia)
sunflower oil
soybean oil
palm oil
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

7. Biodiesel Biodiesel feedstock
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

8. Biodiesel Biodiesel feedstock Animal fats Waste oil and fats
Microalgae oils
microalgae oil
Waste cooking oil
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

9. Biodiesel Biodiesel feedstock Microalgae oils
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

10. Biodiesel Biodiesel feedstock Feedstock properties
Free Fatty Acid Content: the amount of fatty acids (in weight percent) in an oil that is not connected to triglyceride molecules.
Moisture, Impurities, and Unsaponifiables: the amount of water, filterable solids (such as bone fragments, food particles, or other solids), and other non triglycerides in an oil (measured in weight percent).
Calorific Content: the energy content of the material and is measured in Btus or calories/unit weight.
During transesterification, free fatty acids react with alkalis and hydroxides to form soaps and water
The energy content of potential feedstocks affects the energy content of the resulting biodiesel.
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

11. Biomass to energy technology
Biodiesel di Indonesia

12. Biomass to energy technology
Biodiesel di Indonesia

13. Biomass to energy technology
Biodiesel di Indonesia
Arya Hadi, dkk Pengembangan bioenergi di Indonesia:Peluang dan tantangan kebijakan industri biodiesel. CIFOR

14. Biomass to energy technology
Biodiesel di Indonesia
Arya Hadi, dkk Pengembangan bioenergi di Indonesia:Peluang dan tantangan kebijakan industri biodiesel. CIFOR

15. Biodiesel Biodiesel production process
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

16. Biodiesel Four main production methods Transesterification
Biodiesel production process
Four main production methods
Direct use and blending
Micro emulsions
Thermal cracking
Transesterification
Transesterification
Most common production method
Uses vegetable oils and animal fats as feed stocks
The reaction of a fat or oil with an alcohol to form esters (biodiesel) and glycerol

17. Biodiesel Biodiesel production process
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

18. Biodiesel Biodiesel production process
Acid-catalysed transesterification reaction
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

19. Biodiesel Biodiesel production process
Alkali-catalysed transesterification reaction
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

20. Biodiesel Biodiesel production process
Supercritical alcohol transesterification
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

21. Biodiesel Biodiesel production process
Lipase-catalysed transesterification
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

22. Biodiesel Biodiesel production process
Lipase-catalysed transesterification
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

23. Biodiesel Unit operation in Biodiesel production process
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

24. Biodiesel Unit operation in Biodiesel production process
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

25. Biodiesel Unit operation in Biodiesel production process
Continuous Transesterification
High transesterification reaction rates can be achieved in a PFR system, which results in a rather short reaction time or residence time in the reactor (as low as 6–10min) required for near complete conversion of the oil.
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

26. Biodiesel Economic Analysis on Biodiesel Production
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

27. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

28. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

29. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

30. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

31. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

32. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

33. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

34. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

35. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

36. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production

37. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production
Solution?

38. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production
Solution?

39. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production
Solution?

40. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production
Solution?

41. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production
Solution?

42. Biodiesel
Recent development of biodiesel production
Solution?

43. Biodiesel Unit operation in Biodiesel production process
Design a biodiesel plant with an annual production capacity of 2000 metric tons of biodiesel fuel, using waste oil from local restaurants and methanol as raw materials. (1) Describe a conceptual process design for the biodiesel plant and explain.
Cheng. J Biomass to Renewable Energy Process, 2nd ed. CRC Press

44. Thank You !