1. GREECE

3. Bordering countries are Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey
Bordering bodies of water are Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, Sea of Crete

4. Capital is Athens

5. Mountains cover most of Greece, land is rocky with little fertile soil, summers are hot and dry

6. Winter – ¾ of rain falls, mild and wet
Summer – hot, dry, very sunny

7. Greece is a seafaring country because you are never far from the sea, 1/5 of Greece is islands, land is not very good for farming

8. A city-state is the city/town and the surrounding villages and farmland

9. Greek city-states were independent, small in size, quarreled among themselves

10. The Ancient Greeks were:
patriotic
shared a common language, religion, and culture
prized their freedom and way of life
creative thinkers

11. Greece became independent in 1829

12. What happened in Olympia, Greece in 776 BCE?
What is Greece’s capital city called?
How many letters make up the Greek alphabet?
What is Greece’s national cheese?
What is the currency used in Greece?
How many Greeks work in agriculture?
What two major geographic features shape Greece?
How many islands are apart of Greece?
What religion do ninety-eight percent of Greeks belong to?
What is a major holiday in Greece?
First Olympics
Athens 24
feta
Euro
One in five
Mountains and Seas
Over 2000
Greek Orthodox Church ~ Christian
Easter and Christmas

13. LOCATION
Greece is located in southern Europe between Albania and Turkey. It borders the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. It has a population of 10,964,020. Athens is its capital.

14. AREA
Greece has a total area of 131,940 sq km. That means it is slightly smaller than Alabama

15. CLIMATE
Greece has a Mediterranean climate with plenty of sunshine, mild temperatures and a limited amount of rainfall.

16. SUMMER
In summer, the dry hot days are cooled by seasonal winds called the meltemi, while mountainous regions have generally lower temperatures.

17. WINTER
The winters are mild in lowland areas, with a minimum amount of snow and ice, yet, mountains are usually snow-covered.

18. TERRAIN
Greece consists of a mountainous and craggy mainland jutting out into the sea. Four-fifths of Greece consist of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Greece has the thirteenth longest coastline in the world.

19. LAND USE
About 20% of Greece is farmable. Farmers grow olives, figs, fruit, grapes, and very little grain.

21. Peloponnesus Peninsula and numerous islands in the Aegean Sea
2)They were separated from one another by rugged mountains, bays and inlets, and by being on an island
3) Most Ancient Greeks were farmers

22. 4) A Mediterranean climate – mild winters with hot, sunny summers
4) A Mediterranean climate – mild winters with hot, sunny summers you can grow crops all year round similar to southern California
5) Mainly grow grapes and olives
Grow small amounts of wheat and barley

23. 6) Main disadvantage is that only ¼ of the land is level so they could only grow small amounts of grain crops and, therefore, they had to trade with others to get more grain

24. 7) Main advantage is the sea – it connected all Greeks to one another and Greece to other civilizations so that they could trade and get what they needed

25. GREECE’S ORIGINS

26. MINOAN AGE Minoans Crete ~ Knosses 2000 – 1400 BCE
had a system of writing, fine artwork, great sailors, traded with Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Phoenicia, master builders of palaces that were maze like with plumbing and decorated with colorful murals

27. MYCENAEAN AGE Mycenaeans Greek mainland/ Mycenae 1400 – 1100 BCE
Built cities on top of hills, very similar to the Minoans – sailors, trade, palaces, and writing, conquered the Minoans, are the original Greeks

28. DARK AGE
Dorians
Invaders from northern Greece who came to middle and southern Greece
1100 – 800 BCE
Trade came to a stop, written language disappeared, people lived in isolated villages, oral traditions kept Greek history alive, population increases

29. AGE of EXPANSION 800-750ish – 500 BCE
Villages grow and develop back into cities, trade comes back and increases, leaders emerge in each city, city-states {an independent, self governing city and the land around it} develop and begin to fight one and compete against one another

30. Minoans of Crete
The islands were stepping stones by which civilization spread from Egypt and Mesopotamia westward into Europe.
The Minoans had running water, fresco paintings, women were equal to men, they had writing and artists, made ornaments and figures out of ivory, bronze, gold, and silver.
The Minoans had colonies on the Aegean Islands, in Greece and in Asia Minor.
That the Minoan culture was advanced and better than the Greeks and the Greeks were opened minded enough to realize this and change their ways to be like the Minoans

31. MINOANS MYCENAEANS First navy Named after King Minos
Had minitar and bull fighting
Known for pottery cups
On Crete
Weakened by fire, earthquakes, tidal waves
Linear A – for writing
On Greek mainland
Had walls that were 40 ft. high and 20 ft. thick
Known for bronze weapons
Linear B – for writing
Tall people
Fell to outsiders
Writing for record keeping
Had palaces
Were into trade
Seafarers - sailors

32. The Greek City-State Map of major Greek City-States in 500 BCE
Ruins of the agora at Corinth, Greece. Most Greek cities had an agora, which acted as the city center, housing marketplaces, civic centers, and forums.

34. ATHENS vs. SPARTA

35. GOVERNMENT
ATHENS
Democracy
SPARTA
Oligarchy

36. ECONOMY ATHENS Farming and trade SPARTA
Military communities around them provided trade and crafts

37. EDUCATION ATHENS Wealthy received it Lived at home
Learned reading, writing, poetry, math, music, dance, and athletics
At age 18 served 2 years in the Army
After service were given a spear and shield and only called out at war time
Girls learned from Mother’s crafts and poetry
SPARTA
Boys lived in barracks
Taught to read and write
Emphasized physical skills
Strict discipline
Slept on the floor
Wore light clothing
At 18 in Army full time
At 30 full citizen and could marry
Girls got a strong physical education

38. OTHER DIFFERENCES ATHENS City-state had walls
Didn’t fear slave revolts
Lavish lives
Large government projects to benefit all
SPARTA
No walls
Feared slave revolts
Simple lives
No luxury goods/items

39. Greece and Persia

40. Persia was east of the Greek peninsula.

41. Darius attacked Greece first to expand his Persian Empire.
Xerxes attacked Greece to try an avenge his father’s defeat to the Greeks

42. The Greeks were able to defeat the Persians twice because the city-states united together and fought together.

43. The Golden Age of Greece was when Greece’s culture flourished from 460 – 430 BCE.

44. The Last Stand of the 300

45. The Battle of Thermopylae was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by King Leonidas of Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The battle took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium in 480 BCE at the narrow coastal pass of Thermopylae.

46. PELOPONNESIAN WAR

47. Sparta and its allies vs. Athens and its allies
Dates were 431 – 404 BCE
Peloponnesian League
Sparta and its allies
Mainly found on the Peloponnesian Peninsula and Macedonia
Scared of Athens growing power
Delian League
Athens and its allies
Found along the coasts of the Aegean Sea
Was formed to protect Greece from Persia
Athens had turned the league into its empire
Sparta and its allies vs. Athens and its allies

48. Athens wouldn’t let city-states leave the Delian League
Athens began to attack other cities to protect its trade routes
Sparta and its allies were scared of Athens growing power
Athens refuses Sparta’s ultimatum to free all cities under its control

49. Sparta invades Athens countryside, burns farms, and cuts down grain
Athens brings all its citizens within the walls of the city-state and a plague strikes {many die, food scarce, slaves escape}
Sparta has a powerful army and Athens has a powerful navy
As Athens weakened, its allies joined Sparta
Persia gives Sparta money to improve its navy
Sparta captures Athens navy at Hellespont

50. Sparta and its allies win after Athens surrenders from starvation and its navy being captured

51. ALEXANDER the GREAT

52. Fun Facts about Alexander the Great
He was supposedly related to the Greek heroes Hercules from his father's side and Achilles from his mother's side.
When Alexander was 16, his father left the country to do battle, leaving Alexander as temporary ruler of Macedonia.
He tamed a wild horse named Bucephalus when he was a kid. It was his main horse until it died. Alexander named a city in India after his horse.

53. Fun Facts about Alexander the Great
He never lost a single battle.
Legend has it that the Temple of Artemis burnt down the day of Alexander's birth because Artemis was busy attending the birth.
His best friend and second in command was the general Hephaestion.

54. Macedonia was a large state just north of Greece with very little organization and very little power. Under King Philip it becomes a military power
King of Macedonia from 359 – 336 BCE, a military genius, Alexander’s father, conquers Greece and begins Macedonia’s Empire
Established a professional army of full time, well paid, highly skilled soldiers Developed new battle formations and weapons catapults and battering rams on wheels

55. 4. Alexander’s father is murdered and Alexander rules Macedonia from 336 – 323 BCE
5. Macedonia never destroyed Greece because they admired and appreciated it and its culture

56. 6. Alexander was able to control his Empire because:
He left Greeks behind to rule conquered lands
He would adopt some features from the conquered cultures
He would combine the conquered military with his own

57. 7. Alexander’s rule to 146 BCE is known as the Hellenistic Age because Greek influence and culture {language, religion, literature, arts} became so widespread over Alexander’s Empire
8. Alexander died suddenly of a fever at the age of 33. After he died his Empire broke apart because no single ruler could keep it together.