1. Cardio vascular system
Cardio= heart
Vascular=related to blood vessels, is close pathway of blood circulation.
1) Artery
2) vein
3) capillary
Lung

2. Major difference between artery and vein
Artery carry the blood away from the heart.
Higher pressure then vein.
Artery has pulse.
Artery is deeper structure in between the muscle.
Artery carry the oxygenated blood.
Has no valve
Vein carry the blood from organs to heart.
Lower pressure then artery.
Vein has no pulse.
Vein is superficial.
Vein carry the deoxygenated blood.
There is valve

3. Capillaries
Single layer cell structure that connect the arteriole and venule.
Diffusion of gas and nutrients exchange taken place in the capillaries

4. Anatomy and physiology of heart

5. Location of the heart
Center of the chest
Surrounding structures

6. Location, shape and size
Heart is located under the rib cage between two lungs, from level of second rib to level of sixth rib
Shape of heart is like cone.
Size of the heart is very depend upon the age as well as condition of the heart, but normally healthy adult heart is in size of clenched adult fist.

7. Heart is bordered Anterior by sternum
Posterior by esophagus and vertebral column
Laterally by Lungs
Inferiorly by diaphragm

8. External shape of heart

9. Cut section of heart

10. CHAMBER OF THE HEART

11. Chambers of the heart Heart is made up of four chamber
Two atria and two ventricle
Upper two chamber is called atria or atrium, right atrium and left atrium
Lower to chamber is called ventricle, right and left ventricle.

12. SEPTUM INTRA ATRIAL SEPTUM ATRIOVENTRICULAR SEPTUM
INTRA VENTRICULAR SEPTUM

13. Septum
Each chamber is separated by the thin membranous layer called septum.
Two atrium or atria is separated by intra atrial septum
Two ventricle is separated by the intra ventricular septum
Atria and ventricle is separated by the atrial ventricular septum.

14. Layers of the Heart There is a three layer surround of the heart
Pericardium : Outermost layer of the heart visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium contain the fat, which helps to cushion the heart
Myocardium : Middle layer of the heart which is made up of cardiac muscle and which contain the cardiac vessel and cardiac nerve
Endothelial : Innermost layer of the heart and which is made up of endothelium. Stretches as the heart pump

15. VALVES OF THE HEART

16. VALVES OF THE HEART

17. Heart valves
Heart valves : which maintain the flow of the blood in one direction .
Four valve in the heart.
Valves is made up of cusps and through chordae tendinae it is attached to the papillary muscle.
When ventricle contracts papillary muscle contact and chordae tendinae become taut and valves closes.
Tricuspid : between right atria and right ventricle and prevents the blood flowing back in to the right atrium.

18. Pulmonary : Between the right ventricle and
pulmonary artery.
Prevents the blood flowing back in to the
right ventricle.
Mitral : Between the left atrial and left ventricle.
Prevent the blood flowing into left atrium.
Aortic : Valve between the left ventricle and aorta
Prevent the blood flowing back in to the
left ventricle.

19. Blood supply of the heart

20. Blood supply of the heart
heart is supplied by the coronary artery.
Left side is supplied by the left coronary artery
Right side is supplied by the right coronary artery
Arteries are eventually ended into the capillary where gas exchange taken place.
Coronary veins deliver the blood into the coronary sinus and coronary sinus empties blood into the right atrium.

21. Conduction system of heart

22. Conduction system of the heart
Components of the conduction system
SA node : located in wall of right atrium and generate the impulse.
AV node : located between two atria, just above the ventricles,
Bundle of his : located between the two ventricle and split into two branches,
Purkinje fibers : located into the lateral walls of the ventricle.

23. Physiology of Heart

24. Function of CVS
The most important function of the cardiovascular system is to supply the tissues of the body with oxygen and nutrients. Any disruption of this process can result in tissue dysfunction.
Heart works as blood pump.

25. CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN HEART

26. Circulation of the blood in heart
Deoxygenated blood from body enters into the right atrium through superior vena cavae , inferior venae cavae
Blood flows to the right ventricle via tricuspid valve.
Right ventricle contract that will flow the blood into the left and right pulmonary artery,
Blood flow Pulmonary artery to right and left lung.

27. Blood circulation in heart conti;
Gas exchange is taken place into the pulmonary capillary,
Oxygenated blood via four pulmonary vein comes into the left atria.
Left atria contact and draws the blood into the left ventricle.
Left ventricle to the aorta.
The valve prevents the back flow of the blood.
Through aorta blood circulates whole body and provide the nutrients to the organs and muscle tissue.

28. Cardiac cycle One heartbeat complete the one cardiac cycle.
Two atria contract and relax together
Two ventricle contact and relax together
Other words one complete contraction and one complete relaxation of the heart.

29. Heart sound
Heart sounds are produced when the valves in the heart snap shut.
Mainly two heart sounds
Lubb and dubb
1st heart sound Lubb is produced when ventricle contracts ,
Tricuspid and mitral valve close will generate the first heart sound.
Loudest at the apex
2nd heart sound Dubb is second heart sound produced when atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valve snap shut.
Loudest at the base
Any abnormality into the valve or heart produce the abnormal heart sound called murmur.
Some murmur are the normal and some indicate the serious heart condition.

30. Blood vessels
Blood vessels is closed pathways which carries the blood from heart to organs, muscle and body tissue and back again into the heart
Vessels includes the artery, vein and capillary
Capillary is the thinnest microscopic structure which join the artery and vein through arteriole and venule.

32. EKG
Electro cardiogram: is a diagrammatic representation of electrical activity of the heart

33. EKG-USE Determine the rate
Determine that the rhythm is regular or irregular
Determine the PQRST intervals
Determine the axis
Determine whether atrial enlargement exists
Determine whether ventricular hypertrophy exists
Determine the presence or absence of infarction or ischemia

34. WAVES OF THE ECG

35. leads ECG standard leads
There are three of these leads, I, II and III.    Lead I: is between the right arm and left arm electrodes, the left arm being positive.  Lead II: is between the right arm and left leg electrodes, the left leg being positive.  Lead III: is between the left arm and left leg electrodes, the left leg again being positive.

36. CHEST LEADS
Chest Electrode Placement V1: Fourth intercostals space to the right of the sternum. V2: Fourth intercostals space to the Left of the sternum. V3: Directly between leads V2 and V4. V4: Fifth intercostals space at midclavicular line. V5: Level with V4 at left anterior axillary line. V6: Level with V5 at left midaxillary line. (Directly under the midpoint of the armpit)

37. WAVE INTERPRETATION P wave= atrial activity
QRS complex= ventricular activity
T wave= repolarization of the ventrical
P-R Interval: represents the time it takes an impulse to travel from the atria through the AV node, bundle of His, and bundle branches to the Purkinje fibres.
Duration: 0.12 to 0.20 seconds.

38. ECG Leads - Views of the Heart
Chest Leads
V1 & V2 = Right Ventricle
V3 & V4 = Septum/Lateral Left Ventricle
V5 & V6= Anterior /Lateral Left Ventricle

39. EKG INTERPRETATION ECG Interpretation
The graph paper that the ECG records on is standardized to run at 25mm/second,

41. RATE =
RHYTHM
ARRIYTHMIA
MIO CARDIAL INFACTION

42. NORMAL ECG PATTERN