1. Magnetic nanosphere-guided site-specific delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor gene attenuates restenosis in rabbit balloon-injured artery 
Tiemin Zhang, MD, Guangjin Qu, MS 
Journal of Vascular Surgery 
Volume 63, Issue 1, Pages e1 (January 2016)
DOI: /j.jvs
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2. Fig 1
Two kinds of magnetic nanospheres observed with different electron microscopes. A, Magnetic Fe3O4 nanospheres observed with a scanning electron microscope. B, Magnetic DNA-gelatin microspheres observed with a transmission electron microscope.
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3. Fig 2
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression in gene-transfected arterial segments of rabbits. At 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after transfection, mRNA expression of VEGF was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in arterial segments transfected with naked pcDNA3/VEGF165 plasmids (NAK group) and magnetic pcDNA3/VEGF165-gelatin microspheres (MIC group). The data have been normalized by the relative expression of respective control groups: naked pcDNA3/LacZ plasmid or magnetic pcDNA3/LacZ-gelatin microsphere transfection (CON group). *P < .05 compared with NAK group.
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4. Fig 3
Transfection efficiency was assessed by detection of β-galactosidase activity. The intima of a transfected arterial segment 28 days after transfection was incubated with chromogenic X-Gal. A, Intima of arterial segment transfected with naked pcDNA3/LacZ plasmid. B, Intima of arterial segment transfected with magnetic pcDNA3/LacZ-gelatin microspheres (magnification × 100).
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5. Fig 4
Immunohistochemical staining of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in transfected arterial segments. A, At 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after transfection, protein expression of VEGF was detected by immunohistochemical staining in arterial segments transfected with naked pcDNA3/VEGF165 plasmids (NAK group) and magnetic pcDNA3/VEGF165-gelatin microspheres (MIC group). N = 32 for each group. *P < .05. B, Immunohistochemical staining of VEGF protein in arterial segments transfected with naked pcDNA3/VEGF165 plasmids (NAK group) 28 days after transfection. C, Arterial segments transfected with magnetic pcDNA3/VEGF165-gelatin microspheres (MIC group) 28 days after transfection (magnification × 400). The stars represent VEGF-positive staining sites.
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6. Fig 5
Inhibition effect of neointimal thickening after vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transfection. Histologic cross sections were scanned and measured with the computerized sketching program. Neointimal thickening was assessed in terms of the ratio of intima area to media area. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error. MIC group, Transfected with magnetic pcDNA3/VEGF165-gelatin microspheres; NAK group, transfected with naked pcDNA3/VEGF165 plasmids. *P < .05 compared with NAK group.
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7. Supplementary Fig (online only)
Hematoxylin-eosin staining of arteries in the NAK group (transfected with naked pcDNA3/VEGF165 plasmids, left) and the MIC group (transfected with magnetic pcDNA3/VEGF165-gelatin microspheres, right). A, Magnification × 10. B, Magnification × 50. C, Magnification × 100.
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