1. Internet2 Overview
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY POLICY IN A POSTMODERN WORLD
Brookings Institution
Gary R. Bachula, Vice President, Internet2
This is a general overview presentation about Internet2. Internet2 is a consortium, led by US universities, which is recreating the partnership among academia, industry and government that fostered today’s Internet in its infancy.
7 December 2000

2. Internet2 FAQ What (and why) is Internet2?
Will Internet2 replace today’s Internet?
Will there be an Internet3?
How (or when) can I connect to Internet2 from home?
What’s your stock ticker symbol?
These are some commonly asked questions that this presentation will answer.
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3. Who Are We?
A project of the university community working with our corporate colleagues and government to close the gap between the potential and reality of the Internet
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4. Why University Leadership?
The Internet came from the higher research university community
Stanford -- the Internet protocols
NSFNet -- the scaled-up Internet
CERN -- The WWW protocols
University of Illinois -- The Web browser
Research universities require an advanced Internet and have demonstrated they can develop it
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5. Internet2 Universities 181 Universities as of December 2000
This is the latest map of Internet2 universities. Each Internet2 university commits to providing the high performance networking on their own campus, connecting to a high-performance backbone network, and supporting advanced applications development on their own campus.
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6. Internet2 Partnerships
Internet2 universities are recreating the partnerships that fostered the Internet in its infancy
Industry
Government
International
Partnerships are the foundation of how the Internet developed and they are also a part of the foundation of Internet2.
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7. Internet2 Corporate Partners
3Com
Advanced Network & Services
Alcatel
Ameritech
AT&T
Cabletron Systems
Cisco Systems
IBM
ITC^Deltacom
Lucent Technologies
Marconi
WorldCom
Microsoft
Newbridge Networks
Netcom Systems
Nortel Networks
Qwest Communications
SBC Communications
WCI Cable
This is the latest list of Internet2 Corporate Partners. Corporate partners have committed to providing over US$1million in support of collaborations with Internet2 universities.
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8. Internet2 Mission
Develop and deploy advanced network applications and technologies, accelerating the creation of tomorrow’s Internet.
This is the Internet2 mission.
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9. Internet2 Goals Enable new generation of applications
Re-create leading edge R&E network capability
Transfer technology and experience to the global production Internet
These are the three primary goals of Internet2.
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10. People on the Internet Millions of People
This chart shows the rapid rise in the number of people using the Internet. The projected figures are probably conservative.
Source: Nua Internet Surveys
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11. Computers on the Internet
Millions of Computers
This shows the number of computers on the Internet. Increasingly, however, non-computer devices will be connected to the Internet, and the total number of devices—computer and non-computer—will rise much more rapidly than the number of computers. The size of the Internet has doubled every 11 months since its inception and this rate will only increase in the future.
Source: Internet Domain Survey
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12. Yesterday’s Internet Thousands of users Remote login, file transfer
Interconnect mainframe computers
Applications capitalize on underlying technology
These are some important characteristics of the Internet during its pre-commercial development.
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13. Today’s Internet Millions of users
Web, , low-quality audio & video
Interconnect personal computers and servers
Applications adapt to underlying technology
Since commercialization in 1994, key characteristics of the Internet have changed: the size of the network and the capacity applications require support beyond the original design parameters of the underlying technologies.
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14. Tomorrow’s Internet Billions of users and devices
Convergence of today’s applications with multimedia (telephony, video-conference, HDTV)
Interconnect personal computers, servers, and embedded computers
New technologies enable unanticipated applications (and create new challenges)
Tomorrow’s Internet promises even more demands: many more users and even more demanding applications. New capabilities must be developed to realize the potential of tomorrow’s Internet.
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15. Why Internet2? The Internet was not designed for:
Millions of users
Congestion
Multimedia
Real time interaction
But, only the Internet can:
Accommodate explosive growth
Enable convergence of information work, mass media, and human collaboration
Internet2 is focused on the Internet’s potential for our future
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16. The Network Performance Gap
hype
More
technological
potential
Performance
performance gap
However, there are significant divergences among these three things:
The potential of the technology: what the entire network could do if the underlying technologies worked together in an optimal way.
Actual performance: the real-world performance an end-user sees
Hype: the performance we’d have if all the press releases and marketing materials were true.
actual performance
Less
Time
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17. Today’s Internet Doesn’t
Provide reliable end-to-end performance
Encourage cooperation on new capabilities
Allow testing of new technologies
Support development of revolutionary applications
Today’s Internet has serious shortcomings. Some of them are performance or technically related, which limit the kinds of applications and capabilities the Internet can support. Other limitations affect the ability to innovate new capabilities that would address some of the performance and technical limitations.
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18. Internet Development Spiral
Commercialization
Privatization
Today’s Internet
This spiral represents one way of looking at the development of the Internet. As the Internet moved from a research project to a commercial service, a set of partnerships fostered its development. During this process, the Internet grew in a number of ways: size, complexity, bandwidth, etc. Internet2 is forming the partnerships needed for technologies in a second cycle of innovation make their way into the commercial Internet.
Internet2
Research and
Development
Partnerships
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Source: Ivan Moura Campos

19. Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware
New Network Capabilities
Advanced Applications
Partnerships
These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on.
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20. Internet2 Network Infrastructure
Backbones operate at 2.4 Gbps (OC48) capacity today
GigaPoPs provide regional high-performance aggregation points
Local campus networks provide 100 Mbps to the desktop
This is a broad generalization of the Internet2 network infrastructure.
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21. Download of “The Matrix”
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22. Internet2 Network Architecture
GigaPoP
One
GigaPoP
Two
Internet2 Backbone Networks
This diagram shows the network architecture being developed by Internet2 members.
GigaPoP
Three
GigaPoP
Four
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23. Internet2 Interconnect
Network Architecture
Internet2 Interconnect
Cloud
GigaPoP
One
Regional Network
University C
Commercial
Internet
Connections
University B
University A
This diagram illustrates a possible ways universities access the high-performance and commercial networks
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24. Internet2 Backbone Networks
This is an illustration of the (currently) two Internet2 backbone networks, the vBNS developed by MCI Worldcom and the National Science Foundation and Abilene, developed by the University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development, Qwest, Cisco and Indiana University.
Donna Cox, Robert Patterson, NCSA
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25. Internet2 GigaPoPs 27 as of November 2000
These are the location of the Internet2 gigaPoPs.
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26. Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware
New Network Capabilities
Advanced Applications
Partnerships
These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on.
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27. Middleware
A layer of software between the network and the applications
Authentication
Identification
Authorization
Directories
Security
Middleware is a layer of software between the network and applicaitons
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28. Internet2 Middleware Initiative
Internet2 community has unique needs and capabilities
Middleware Architecture Committee for Education
Early Harvest and Early Adopters
PKI
Shibboleth (authentication)
Computational middleware (Beta Grid)
Medical middleware
Directories
The commercial development of middleware has lagged. These are some of the activities and work underway within the Internet2 community.
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29. Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware
New Network Capabilities
Advanced Applications
Partnerships
These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on.
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30. New Network Capabilities
Quality of Service: QBone
Scalable IP Multicast
IPv6
Distributed Storage: I2-DSI
Digital Video: I2-DV
I2MI: GlueWorks
These are some of the new network capabilities that advanced networks will need to implement and which the Internet2 community is working on.
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31. Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware
New Network Capabilities
Advanced Applications
Partnerships
These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on.
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32. Applications and Engineering
Motivate
Enables
This diagram represents the interplay between applications and engineering. These two activities are often separate in networking development. Within Internet2, it is important that these two areas work together.
Engineering
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33. Advanced Applications
Distributed computation
Virtual laboratories
Digital libraries
Distributed learning
Digital video
Tele-immersion
All of the above in combination
Advanced applications com in many flavors, and those flavors can be combined. Advanced applications share the characteristic that they require advanced network capabilities to work—they either don’t work at all, or won’t work well on today’s Internet.
Enabling advanced applications is at the heart of Internet2.
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34. Virtual Laboratories Real-time access to remote instruments
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center 3-D Brain Mapping
Here are some examples of various applications already in use:
This application links an MRI machine with a supercomputer to produce 3-D visualizations of the neurons in a patient’s brain firing in real-time. The resulting animation can be viewed by any doctor that has access to high-performance networking. These capabilities transform the process of visualizing a patient’s brain—a process that normally takes days—and allows doctor’s to work in ways not previously possible.
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35. Virtual Laboratories Real-time access to remote instruments
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Distributed nanoManipulator
This is an application which allows remote control of an electron microscope that can actually move molecules around. The application also provides “force feed-back” to the remote operator.
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36. Virtual Laboratories Mauna Kea Observatories AURA University of Hawaii
Here are pictures of various applications already in use:
1) the Upper Atmosphere research Collaboratory (UARC) developed at the University of Michigan--allows researchers access to data from instruments in Greenland w/o having to travel there, and allows them to discuss and interact in real time. This applications allows access to broader audience, including the second-order affect of enabling graduate students (who would never have been able to go to Greenland) to look in on research.
2&3) Pictures of a the output from a scanning electron microscope--allows access to expensive, specialized equipment by students--allows them to control in the microscope and see the output as if they were in the same room
--These both require advanced network capabilities to work--either don’t work, or won’t work well on today’s internet.
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37. Virtual Laboratories
Space Physics & Aeronomy Research Collaboratory (SPARC)
University of Michigan
NSF
Here are pictures of various applications already in use:
1) the Upper Atmosphere research Collaboratory (UARC) developed at the University of Michigan--allows researchers access to data from instruments in Greenland w/o having to travel there, and allows them to discuss and interact in real time. This applications allows access to broader audience, including the second-order affect of enabling graduate students (who would never have been able to go to Greenland) to look in on research.
2&3) Pictures of a the output from a scanning electron microscope--allows access to expensive, specialized equipment by students--allows them to control in the microscope and see the output as if they were in the same room
--These both require advanced network capabilities to work--either don’t work, or won’t work well on today’s internet.
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38. Images courtesy Univ. of Illinois-Chicago
Tele-immersion
Shared virtual reality
University of Illinois at Chicago Virtual Temporal Bone
This is a program that allows a doctor to share a 3-D image of a complex piece of anatomy (the inner ear) with students in a way that makes teaching the anatomy much easier. By making this interactive capability available over the network, a doctor can teach students remotely.
Images courtesy Univ. of Illinois-Chicago
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39. Tele-cubicles and the CAVE
Tele-cubicles and CAVEs are different interfaces used for some advanced applications. Immersion in a virtual world, or interaction among people using these interfaces allows people to interact with applications in new ways. The requirements of network applications using these kinds of displays generally require advanced networking.
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Source: University of Illinois-Chicago

40. Distributed Computation
Large-scale computation
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Move mouse over the top and bottom images to show animations of
Image courtesy of UCAR
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41. Internet2 Focus Areas Advanced Network Infrastructure Middleware
New Network Capabilities
Advanced Applications
Partnerships
These are the five areas that Internet2, Internet2 members, and partner organizations are focused on.
2/23/2019

42. Internet2 Partnerships
Internet2 universities are recreating the partnerships that fostered the Internet in its infancy
Industry
Government
International
Partnerships are the foundation of how the Internet developed and they are also a part of the foundation of Internet2.
2/23/2019

43. Internet2 and the Next Generation Internet Initiative
NGI
University-led
Federal agency-led
Developing education and research driven applications
Agency mission-driven and general purpose applications
Building out campus networks, gigaPoPs and inter-gigapop infrastructure
Funding research testbeds and agency research networks
Internet2 works closely with the federal agencies involved in the Next Generation Internet initiative.
Interconnecting and interoperating to provide advanced networking capabilities needed to support advanced research and education applications
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44. Federal role in advanced networking development
Mirrors key federal role in first round of Internet development
Supports long-term research & development
Establishes framework for additional investment
Federal agency focus is complementary to Internet2’s university focus
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45. National Networks Internet2 Backbone Networks
vBNS
Abilene
Federal Backbone Networks
DREN
ESnet
NREN …
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46. Additional Participation
Over 70 Internet2 Corporate Members
Over 30 Affiliate Members
There are also over a total of 70 corporate members (including corporate partners) in Internet2, and over 30 affiliate members.
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47. Internet2 Corporate Partners
3Com
Advanced Network & Services
Alcatel
Ameritech
AT&T
Cabletron Systems
Cisco Systems
IBM
ITC^Deltacom
Lucent Technologies
Marconi
WorldCom
Microsoft
Newbridge Networks
Netcom Systems
Nortel Networks
Qwest Communications
SBC Communications
WCI Cable
This is the latest list of Internet2 Corporate Partners. Corporate partners have committed to providing over US$1million in support of collaborations with Internet2 universities.
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48. Internet2 Corporate Sponsors
Bell South
Compaq
Ericsson (formerly Torrent Networking Technologies)
Litton Network Access Systems
Novell
SBC Technology Resources
StorageTek
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49. Internet2 Corporate Members
Alcatel Telecom
Apple Computer
AppliedTheory Communications
Bell Atlantic
British Telecom
Deutsche Telekom
Fujitsu Laboratories of America
GTE Internetworking
Hitachi
IXC Communications
KDD
Motorola
Nexabit Networks
Nokia Research Center
NTT Multimedia
Pacific Bell
Project OXYGEN
RR Donnelley
Siemens
Sprint
Sun Microsystems
Sylvan Learning
Tachyon
Telcordia Technologies (formerly Bellcore)
Telebeam
Teleglobe
TransMedia Communications
VTEL
Williams Communications Grp.
Worldport
Communications Inc.
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50. Transferring technology and experience...
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51. Technology Transfer Conduits
Collaborating on advanced applications
Deploying pre-commercial infrastructure and protocols
Establishing expertise and human capital
Large-scale proof of concept
A primary goal of Internet2 is to ensure the rapid adoption of new capabilities in the global Internet. Internet2 Corporate Partners play an important role in ensuring these technologies are broadly deployed. The Internet2 community provides a way for new capabilities to be tested. Many of the students at universities take the experience and expertise they gain through their university’s participation in Internet2 with them when they move into the commercial world.
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52. International Partnerships
Ensure global interoperability of advanced networking technologies and applications
Enable collaborations between US researchers at Internet2 institutions and their non-US counterparts
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53. Internet2 International Partners
AAIREP (Australia)
APAN (Asia-Pacific)
ARNES (Slovenia)
BELNET (Belgium)
CANARIE (Canada)
CESnet (Czech Republic)
CUDI (Mexico)
DANTE (Europe)
DFN-Verein (Germany)
Fundacion Internet 2 Argentina (Argentina)
GIP RENATER (France)
GRNET (Greece)
HEAnet (Ireland)
HUNGARNET (Hungary)
INFN-GARR (Italy)
Israel-IUCC (Israel)
JAIRC (Japan)
JISC/UKERNA (UK)
NORDUnet (Nordic countries)
POL-34 (Poland)
RCCN (Portugal)
RedIRIS (Spain)
RESTENA (Luxembourg)
REUNA
SingAREN (Singapore)
Stichting SURF (Netherlands)
SWITCH (Switzerland)
TAnet (Taiwan)
TERENA (Europe)
These are the organizations in other countries with which Internet2 has formal relationships. These organizations have goals and objectives which are similar to those of Internet2. Most of these are the organizations and/or networks serve all of higher education in their respective countries. When its appropriate and possible, Internet2 works to interconnect the high-performance research and education network infrastructure in the United States with that in the countries of these organizations.
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54. Unanticipated Innovation
Lesson of the Web
Network growth and value are non-linear
New technologies enable qualitatively different uses
Users become innovators
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55. Internet Development Spiral
Commercialization
Privatization
Today’s Internet
As this diagram shows, we expect Internet2 to continue to support the partnerships that help new technologies and capabilities move from the research and development phase into commercial deployment. As further cycles of innovation and technology develop, Internet2 will continue to play this role.
Internet2
Research and
Development
Partnerships
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Source: Ivan Moura Campos

56. What’s next? End-to-end performance Middleware
Expanded access initiative
Next generation networking (all-optical)
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57. Advanced Networking on the Web
(National Teleimmersion Initiative)
These URLs are pointers to more information about some of the topics in this presentation.
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58. For More Internet2 Information
On the Web
For more information about Internet2, please see these web sites, or contact directly by .
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