1. Chemical Bonds Distinguish between common ionic and covalent compounds
Construct chemical formulas for common compounds

2. Ions Elements want to have full valence electrons
Na will lose one electron
Chlorine will gain one electron
Metals always lose electrons
Nonmetals always gain electrons

3. Cations and anions Cations have positive charge
Metals
Valence electrons leave
Na+ Ca 2+ Al 3+
Anions have negative charge
Nonmetals
Adds valence electrons
Cl - O 2- N 3-

4. Ionic bonding Opposites attract Positive ions bond with negative ions
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5. Practice Draw the electron dot diagram of the atom
Draw the electron dot diagram of the ion
Draw the electron dot diagram of the compound
H Cl
Ba F
Na S
Do page 59-60

6. Covalent bonds Share electrons equally between atoms Between nonmetals
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H:H H-H

7. Molecules Neutral group of atoms with one or more covalent bond
Diatomic molecule-two atoms
Can have single, double, or triple bond
F—F O=O
F2 O2 N2

8. Unequal sharing Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons
One atom has more pull than the other

9. Equal sharing Non-polar molecules share electrons evenly
Or electrons pulled in equal and opposite directions

10. Intermolecular forces
Forces of attraction between molecules
Molecules line up based on polarity
Hydrogen bonds-weak bonds between hydrogen and a slightly negative molecule

11. Naming compounds Ionic compounds For the nonmetal
Always name the metal first
Then name the nonmetal
If a transition metal, use Roman Numerals
For the nonmetal
Drop the ending and add –ide
Fluorine—fluoride phosphorus—phosphide
Oxygen—oxide nitrogen—nitride

12. Transition metals Transition metals can give multiple electrons
Use roman numerals to tell you what the charge is
Cu1+—copper (I) Cu2+--copper(II)
Iron (II)—Fe2+ Iron (III)—Fe3+

13. Polyatomic ions Ammonium NH4- Carbonate CO32- Hydroxide OH- Phosphate
Polyatomic ions have multiple atoms with a net charge
Use parentheses and subscript to tell how many there are
Ca(OH) 2 Na2SO3
Ammonium
NH4-
Carbonate
CO32-
Hydroxide
OH-
Phosphate
PO43-
Nitrate
NO3-
Acetate
C2H3O2-
Sulfate
SO42-
Permanganate
MnO4-

14. Naming covalent molecules
Write the name of the atom that is more to the left on the periodic table
Hydrogen chloride HCl
Use prefixes to tell how many there are
Dihydrogen sulfide H2S
Carbon monoxide CO
Phosphorus pentafluoride PF5

15. Structure of Metals Metallic Bonds Lattice Properties
Bonds between cations and free electrons
Lattice
Electrons move between and around the cations
Sea of electrons
Properties
Carrying electrical current
Conducting heat
Flexibility
Ductility

16. Alloys Alloy Metallic Properties Steel Copper
A homogeneous mixture of two or more elements
Metallic Properties
Properties of metals
Can change based on amount of one element over another
Steel
Carbon and iron
Stainless steel has chromium
Copper
Bronze-copper and tin
Brass