1. Hazard Identification & HAZOP (HAZard and OPerability studies)
CHAPTER 4
Hazard Identification & HAZOP (HAZard and OPerability studies)

2. Hazard Identification
Hazards are everywhere.
Not always identified until an accident occurs.
It is essential to identify the hazards and reduce the risk in before an
accident occurs.
In every chemical process, the following questions must be asked:
What are the Hazards? Hazards Identification
(This Chapter 4)
What can go wrong and how?
What are the chances? Risk Assessment (Chapter 6)
What are the consequences?

3. Hazard Identification is part of “HIRARC”
For Hazard Identification (HI),
What are the hazards? Unsafe conditions? Unsafe act?
For Risk Assessment (RA) (or Hazard analysis),
What can go wrong and how?
Also known as scenario identification.
i.e. Events that can lead to accident
What are the chances of accident to take place?
i.e. The probability of those events occurring
What are the consequences?
i.e. This could include injury/fatality, loss of production/equipment, damage building/environment etc.
Risk Control (RC)
Modification of process/operation, Installation of control measures,
Emergency response etc.

4. Definition of Hazard
“Unsafe conditions and unsafe acts that could potentially cause accidents”

5. Definition of Unsafe Condition
A hazardous physical condition or situations/circumstances, which could directly permit the occurrence of an accident.
This could be the result of an unsafe act by someone.

6. Examples of Unsafe Condition
Inadequate guards or protection
Defective tools, equipment
Congestion, bad housekeeping
Inadequate warning system
Fire and explosion hazards
Hazardous atmospheric condition
Excessive noise
Inadequate light / illumination / air ventilation

7. Definition of Unsafe Act
A violation of an acceptable safe procedure, which could permit the occurrence of an accident

8. Examples of Unsafe Act Operating without authority
Operating at improper speed / power
Making safety devices inoperable / damaging
Using defective equipment
Using equipment improperly
Failure to use PPE (personal protection equipment)
Improper loading, placement
Servicing equipment in motion / switch-on
Failure to warn or secure

9. Hazard Identification – How?
Observing unsafe condition and unsafe acts that could potentially cause accidents.
Conducting walk-through surveys, audits, check-list and inspections.
Job Safety Analysis/Review.
Examining documents and data.

10. When to perform hazard identification and risk assessment*?
At the initial design stage.
(ASAP to enable any modifications to be easily incorporated into the final design)
During ongoing operation.
Note:
*Best result is obtained if hazard identification is performed together with risk assessment.
This could also prevented “gold-plated” i.e. implementing unnecessary /expensive safety equipment and procedures.

11. Hazard Identification Methods
Process Hazards Checklists
Hazard Survey
a. Inventory of hazardous material
b. Dow indexes
Dow Fire and Explosion Index
Dow Chemical Exposure Index
3. HAZard and OPerability studies (HAZOP)
4. Safety Review

12. END OF PART 1
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