1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior
Charles T. Blair-Broeker
Randal M. Ernst

2. States of Consciousness
Chapter 09

3. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Module 20

4. Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Introduction
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

5. Consciousness
Awareness of oneself and one’s environment

6. Sleep and Sleep Deficit
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

7. Sleep Deprivation Effects
Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning
Safety and accident issues
Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, etc.

8. Sleep Deprivation (National Transportation Safety Board, 1995)

9. Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms
Why We Sleep
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

10. Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brain
Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment
Changes levels of hormones in the body

11. Melatonin A hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms
Linked to the sleep-wake cycle
Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

12. Reasons for Sleep Two primary reasons:
Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night
Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

13. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: The Stages of Sleep
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

14. Electroencephalograph (EEG)
A machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface
Electrodes are placed on the person’s scalp to measure the waves
Used as a means to measure the stages of sleep

15. EEG

16. Stage 1 Sleep Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular.
It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep.
Person will report they have dreamlike sensations, such as falling.

17. Stage 1

18. Stages of Sleep

19. Stage 1

20. Stage 2 Sleep Brain wave cycle slows.
EEG spindles (small brain wave bursts) develop.
First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

21. Stage 2

22. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep
Increase in delta waves (large and slow waves per second)
First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

23. Stage 3

24. Stage 4

25. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

26. REM Sleep Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non-REM sleep)
Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth
Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep

27. REM Sleep

28. Paradoxical Sleep
During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake
Pulse and breathing quickens.
REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

29. Typical Night’s Sleep

30. Stage 4/REM Changes

31. Sleep Changes through Life

32. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream?
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

33. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences
Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

34. Physiological Function Theory
Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

35. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

36. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems: Insomnia
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

37. Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep
Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem
Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem
Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

38. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems: Sleep Apnea
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

39. Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings.
Tend to be loud snorers
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

40. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems: Narcolepsy
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

41. Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
Person goes directly into REM sleep
Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

42. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems: Other Sleep Problems
Module 20: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

43. Somnambulism Formal name for sleepwalking
Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep
Person can walk or talk but remembers nothing of the experience

44. Night Terrors
Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified
Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly children
The children seldom remember the event.

45. Other Sleep Disorders Teeth grinding Bed wetting
Sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep
Everyone has occasional episodes

46. The End