1. Theoretical Foundations
--Chapter 1

2. Ultimate goals: Examine Review Investigate Explore Synthesize
Examine differing views of educational technology
Explore learning within the framework of communication
Review key learning theories
Examine the learner characteristics that affect learning
Investigate teaching styles and their impact on learning
Explore teaching, learning, and technology from a systems view
Briefly review educational technology within a historical perspective
Synthesize your own view of the relationships between teaching, learning, and technology

3. What is Educational Technology?
Media, audiovisual equipment?
Computers, peripherals, software?
--”any technology used by educators in support of the teaching and learning process”.
Educational technology is any technology that is used to support teaching and learning
ISTE’s NETS-T and NETS-S standards articulate what teachers and students should know
Technology are the tools to help create an effective instructional event
Instructional events = all teaching methods and learning experiences
Learning environment = physical and non-physical aspects where instruction takes place

4. Why Study Educational Technology?
“The world is different. Kids are different Learning is different and teaching must be different too.”
Teaching can be enhanced by educational technologies.

5. Teaching and Learning What is Learning? How do we Learn?
Learning is the transfer of knowledge and skills from the sender (teacher) to the receiver (student).
Variety of theories explain how we learn
Each theory offers a different perspective or view as to how learning occurs
Some theories may be contradictory
Teachers must decide on theory for themselves

6. Learning as Communication
Factors affecting the communications cycle:
Environmental factors
Psychological factors
Personal filters
Learning as Communication
Knowledge is transferred from sender to receiver
Receiver returns feedback to sender
Sender receives feedback
Variables may alter intended meaning.
Environmental Factors
Any factor that may cause a learner to lose focus
Can block communications
Lighting, movement, temperature may interfere with communications
Psychological Factors
Individual differences that define and impact communicated information
Emotional state may interfere with message reception
Learning styles may interfere with transmission
Personal Filters
Individual’s values, heritage, and belief system
May include attitudes, cultural differences, and opinions
Filters are present in both sender and receiver

7. Perspectives of Learning
The Behaviorist Perspective
The Cognitivist Perspective
The Constructivist Perspective
Behaviorist’s Perspective
All behavior is a response to external stimuli
Students learn in response to rewards and punishments
Learning is a passive response to the environment
Key theorists: Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner
Cognitivist’s Perspective
Focus is on learning as a mental operation
Information enters through senses Learning is explained by how one thinks
Believe learning is more complex than behaviorist responses
Key theorists Jerome Bruner, David Ausubel
Constructivist’s Perspective
Knowledge is constructed as a result of the learning process
Learning occurs when knowledge is assimilated or accommodated (Piaget)
Knowledge may be constructed best in a social context
Key theorists: Jean Piaget, Seymore Papert, Robert Gagne’ (cognitive constructivist), Lev Vygotsky, Albert Bandura (Social constructivists)

8. An Integrated View of Learning
A View of the Learner
Cognitive Styles
Learning Styles
Intelligence
A View of the Teacher
Cognitive Styles
Manner in which one thinks and interprets the environment
Myers-Briggs helps determine cognitive preferences
Understanding cognitive styles helps teachers create supportive environments
Learning Styles
Conditions under which one learns best
Relates to individual sensory dominance
Auditory learners learn best by listening
Visual learners learn best by seeing
Kinesthetic/Tactile learners learn best by doing and touching
Intelligence
Inherent capabilities to learn and understand
Standford-Binet tests emphasize logical/mathematical and verbal capabilities
Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences emphasizes multiple capabilities
Multiple Intelligences
Verbal-Linguistic
Mathematical-Logical
Visual-Spatial
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Existential
Musical

9. A Holistic View of Teaching, Learning & Technology
Why use Technology?
Educational Technology:
The Past
A Modern View
Teaching and learning work together
Holistic planning is the key to effective learning
Educational technologies selected after planning completed to enhance instruction
An Historical Overview
Began in the early 1900s with movies
Slides, radio, sound recordings were added in the 1920s-1930s
Television drove audio-visuals in the 1950s
1960s: A-V expanded to a broader systems view
1970s: educational technology redefined and expanded further to include all technologies
1980s: educational technology entered the Digital Age
Today
Holistic view
All media and systems that support teaching/learning
Teachers must decide how to best utilize technology

10. Teaching, Learning, & Educational Technology
A Personal Synthesis--how best to:
Communicate with students
Assess student learning characteristics
Adapt teaching style to students’ needs
Develop systematic & effective instruction
Educational technology and you
You must decide which theories and/or perspectives most accurately represent your own views of how students learn and how best to:
communicate with your students to create the best possible learning environment
assess the learning characteristics of your students
Adapt your teaching style to your students’ needs
Develop systematic and effective instruction
You must decide how educational technology fits into your own view of teaching and learning