1. Higher Glaciation - Erosional Features
Explain the formation of a Corrie
Snow accumulates in a hollow on the north face of a mountain and compacts over time to form glacial ice (1 mark – max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier).
The glacier plucks materials away from the back of the hollow by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away materials as it travels making the back wall steeper (1 mark for explaining plucking).
Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the bottom of the hollow by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Materials removed by freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw) adds to the abrasion and the base of the corrie gets even deeper (1 mark).
The glacier travels out of the hollow lubricated by melt water under the ice (1). The flow of the glacier accelerates as it gains mass and weight and a rotational movement can over deepen the hollow (1).
After glaciation when the glaciers have melted a corrie lake can be formed due to over-deepening of the hollow and deposition at the lip trapping the melt water (1)
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.

2. Higher Glaciation - Erosional Features
Explain the formation of an Arete
Snow accumulates in a hollow on the north face of a mountain and compacts over time to form glacial ice (1 mark – max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier).
The glacier plucks materials away from the back of the hollow by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away materials as it travels making the back wall steeper (1 mark for explaining plucking).
Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the bottom of the hollow by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Materials removed by freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw) adds to the abrasion and the base of the corrie gets even deeper (1 mark).
The glacier travels out of the hollow lubricated by melt water under the ice (1). The flow of the glacier accelerates as it gains mass and weight and a rotational movement can over deepen the hollow (1).
After glaciation when the glaciers have melted a corrie lake can be formed due to over-deepening of the hollow and deposition at the lip trapping the melt water (1)
An arête is a sharp ridge formed when 2 corries erode back to back on a mountain side (1 mark)
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.

3. Higher Glaciation - Erosional Features Explain the formation of a Pyramidal Peak Snow accumulates in a hollow on the north face of a mountain and compacts over time to form glacial ice (1 mark – max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier). The glacier plucks materials away from the back of the hollow by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away materials as it travels making the back wall steeper (1 mark for explaining plucking). Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the bottom of the hollow by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Materials removed by freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw) adds to the abrasion and the base of the corrie gets even deeper (1 mark). The glacier travels out of the hollow lubricated by melt water under the ice (1). The flow of the glacier accelerates as it gains mass and weight and a rotational movement can over deepen the hollow (1). After glaciation when the glaciers have melted a corrie lake can be formed due to over-deepening of the hollow and deposition at the lip trapping the melt water (1) A pyramidal peak is a sharp point formed when 2/3 corries erode back to back on a mountain top (1 mark)
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.

4. Higher Glaciation - Erosional Features Explain the formation of a U Shaped Valley During periods of glaciation the glacier is accumulates snow due to increased snowfall and a cold climate, snow compacts and form nevee and then hardens to become glacial ice. (1 mark - max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier). The glacier advances a slowly fills the v shaped valley, the glacier begins to erode this narrow valley due to its sheer size and weight carving through the valley like a bulldozer (1). The glacier plucks materials away from the sides of the valley by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away materials as it travels (1 mark for explaining plucking) this makes the valley steeper and removes interlocking spurs (1 mark). Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the base of the valley by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Materials removed by freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark for explaining freeze thaw) adds to the abrasion and the base of the valley gets even deeper (1 mark) After glaciation when the temperature rises the glacier begins to melt, deposits materials and starts to retreat. Scree falls into the new U shape valley creating a parabola shape (1 mark).
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.

5. Higher Glaciation - Erosional Features Explain the formation of a Hanging Valley During periods of glaciation the glacier is accumulates snow due to increased snowfall and a cold climate, snow compacts and form nevee and then hardens to become glacial ice. (1 mark - max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier). The glacier advances a slowly fills the v shaped valley, the glacier begins to erode this narrow valley due to its sheer size and weight carving through the valley like a bulldozer (1). The glacier plucks materials away from the sides of the valley by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away materials as it travels (1 mark for explaining plucking) this makes the valley steeper and removes interlocking spurs (1 mark). Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the base of the valley by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Materials removed by freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark for explaining freeze thaw) adds to the abrasion and the base of the valley gets even deeper (1 mark) After glaciation when the temperature rises the glacier begins to melt, deposits materials and starts to retreat. Scree falls into the new U shape valley creating a parabola shape (1 mark). A hanging valley formed when a glacier travels through a river tributary into the main valley. This U shaped valley will be shorter than the main valley because the glacier that occupied the valley was smaller and so had less power to erode (1 mark)
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 1 mark for explaining the formation of a glacier
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.

6. Higher Glaciation - Depositional Features
Explain the formation of Terminal Moraine
Moraine is the build up of materials in different locations eg – at the end of the glacier = terminal moraine.
During glaciation in periods of glacial advance the glacier slowly bulldozes its way through the landscape and picks up lots of materials (1 mark)
The glacier plucks materials away from the land by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away as it travels (1 mark for explaining plucking).
Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the land by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw)puts even more material and debris inside the glacier (1 mark)
When the glacier melts and retreats these materials are revealed and deposited on the floor of the U shaped valley (1 mark).
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.
Max 1 mark for reference to melting/ retreat/ deposition

7. Higher Glaciation - Depositional Features
Explain the formation of Lateral Moraine
Moraine is the build up of materials in different locations eg – at the sides of the glacier = lateral.
During glaciation in periods of glacial advance the glacier slowly bulldozes its way through the landscape and picks up lots of materials (1 mark)
The glacier plucks materials away from the land by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away as it travels (1 mark for explaining plucking).
Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the land by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw)puts even more material and debris inside the glacier (1 mark)
When the glacier melts and retreats these materials are revealed and deposited on the sides of the U shaped valley below the truncated spurs (1 mark).
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.
Max 1 mark for reference to melting/ retreat/ deposition

8. Higher Glaciation - Depositional Features
Explain the formation of Medial Moraine
Moraine is the build up of materials in different locations eg – inside the glacier = medial.
During glaciation in periods of glacial advance the glacier slowly bulldozes its way through the landscape and picks up lots of materials (1 mark)
The glacier plucks materials away from the land by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away as it travels (1 mark for explaining plucking).
Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the land by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw) puts even more material and debris inside the glacier (1 mark).
When a glacier joins a tributary glacier, lateral moraine on the sides of the glacier gets imbedded in between the 2 or more glaciers (1 mark).
When the glacier melts and retreats these materials are revealed and deposited on the floor in the middle of the U shaped valley (1 mark).
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.
Max 1 mark for reference to melting/ retreat/ deposition

9. Higher Glaciation - Depositional Features Explain the formation of an Esker During glaciation in periods of glacial advance the glacier slowly bulldozes it’s way through the landscape and picks up lots of materials (1 mark) The glacier plucks materials away from the land by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away as it travels (1 mark for explaining plucking). Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the land by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw) puts even more material and debris inside the glacier (1 mark) When temperatures rise or when the glacier is further down slope in a warmer area the glacier begins to melt a little creating a small melt water stream underneath the glacier. (1 mark) Finer materials like silt, sand and small rocks travel in the stream under the ice tunnel. When there is too much debris the stream channel gets blocked and materials build up in the tunnel on the base of the valley (1 mark) When the glacier melts and retreats a ridge of deposition is revealed known as an esker (1 mark).
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.
Max 1 mark for reference to melting/ retreat/ deposition

10. Higher Glaciation - Depositional Features Explain the formation of a Drumlin During glaciation in periods of glacial advance the glacier slowly bulldozes it’s way through the landscape and picks up lots of materials (1 mark) The glacier plucks materials away from the land by freezing onto the bare rock and pulling away as it travels (1 mark for explaining plucking). Rocks trapped in the ice act like sandpaper to abrade the land by scrapping and scoring (1 mark for explaining abrasion). Freeze thaw when the repeated freezing and thawing of water shatters rocks (1 mark explaining freeze thaw) puts even more material and debris inside the glacier (1 mark) When the glacier is carrying too much material and reaches a more resistant rock it has less power to erode and starts to dump some materials. The glacier then flows over its own load and compresses it into a gentle slope called the lee slope (1 mark). When the glacier melts and retreats a sloping mound of moraine is left behind called a drumlin (1 mark).
Geography
Marking Instruction Notes
Max 2 marks for explaining processes without reference to formation
Max 1 mark for just mentioning/ describing the 3 processes.
Max 1 mark for reference to melting/ retreat/ deposition