1. Chapter 11 Water

2. The Water Cycle Plants absorb water through roots.
Plants lose water through transpiration. Moisture also evaporates from bodies of water and forms clouds during condensation.
Water returns to earth through precipitation.
Runoff water flows into lakes, etc. Water enters the soil and is filtered and becomes part of the groundwater. Some is absorbed by plants.

3. The Water Cycle Condensation Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration
Runoff
Seepage
Root Uptake

4. Global Water Distribution

5. Surface Water: fresh water on Earth’s land surface
Includes lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands
Used for drinking water, growing crops, food such as fish, power, and transportation

6. River Systems Flowing network of rivers and streams
Mississippi, Amazon (largest), and Nile are large river systems because they collect water from vast areas of land

7. Watersheds (Area of land drained by a river.)
*Mississippi – largest in U.S.

10. Groundwater Water beneath Earth’s surface in sediment and rock
“water table” : level where rocks and soil are saturated with water

11. Aquifers
body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater—very important for cities and agriculture
Most consist of rock, sand, and gravel, etc. that have a lot of spaces where water can accumulate.
Groundwater can also dissolve rock formations creating caves with water and underground lakes

12. Major Aquifers of Georgia
1,2,3 – Floridan aquifer
4. Claiborne, Clayton, Providence aquifers
5. Cretaceous Aquifer

14. Porosity
% of the total volume of a rock or sediment that consists of open spaces
Water in an aquifer is stored in the pore spaces and flows form one pore space to another.
The more porous a rock is, the more water it can hold.

16. Permeability
ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces or pores.
Materials such as gravel that allow the flow of water are permeable. Materials such as clay or granite that stop the flow of water are impermeable.
The most productive aquifers usually form in permeable materials, such as sandstone, limestone, or layers of sand and gravel.

18. The Recharge Zone

19. The Recharge Zone
An area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer.
environmentally sensitive to pollution
size of zone is affected by the permeability of the surface above the aquifer—buildings & parking lots may reduce the amt of water entering aquifer
Aquifers can take thousands of years to recharge

20. Wells
We dig wells because water is filtered and purified as it travels underground.
The height of the water table changes seasonally, so wells are drilled to extend below the water table.

21. Wells con’t.
If the water tables falls below the bottom of the well during a drought, the well will dry up. In addition, if groundwater is removed faster than it is recharged, the water table may fall below the bottom of a well.
To continue supplying water, the well must be drilled deeper.

22. Section 2 Water Use and Management

23. Global Water Use Patterns of water use are not the same everywhere.
The availability of fresh water, population, sizes, and economic conditions affect how people used water.
Most of the fresh water used worldwide is for agriculture.
8% is used by households for drinking and washing.

24. There are 3 major uses for water: residential, industrial, and agricultural.

25. Residential Use
Differences in residential water use in the world: US average person uses 300 L (80 gal) a day, India it is only 41 L.
In the U.S., only about half of residential water use is for activities inside the home, such as drinking and cooking.
The remainder of the water used residentially is used for activities outside the home such as watering lawns.

26. Residential Water Use

27. Drinking Water Treatment

28. Not harmful to others or environment
Water IN
OUT
Potable
Taste good
No pathogens
Wastes carried away
No stinking
Not harmful to others or environment

29. Drinking water treatment
Coagulation
Alum is added
Flocs formed
Bacteria and stuff cling to flocs and sink

30. Drinking water treatment
Sedimentation
Flocs settle to the bottom
Water skimmed from top

31. Filtration
Layers of sand, gravel, and hard coal filter out impurities

32. Disinfection
Chlorine is added to kill bacteria

33. Aeration
Air forced in
Removes gases
Reduces odor
Improves taste

34. Additional treatment Add fluoride
Sodium cpds or lime to soften hard water
Acids or bases to neutralize
Then to storage

35. Industrial Water Use 19% of water use in the world Used for:
a. manufacturing goods
b. disposing of waste
c. generating power.
Most of the industrial water use is used to cool power plants.

36. Agricultural Water Use
67% of water use in world
80% of the water used in agriculture evaporates before it reaches the plant
Irrigation supplies water in areas with inadequate rainfall
Irrigation may involve:
a. shallow, water-filled ditches
b. high-pressure overhead sprinklers

38. Water Management Projects
Projects designed to bring water to areas with inadequate water supplies:
a. aqueducts (early form)
b. dams
c. water diversion canals

39. Goals for water management projects:
a. bringing water to make a dry area
habitable
b. creating a reservoir for recreation
or drinking water
c. generating electric power

40. Diversion Projects:
Rivers may be diverted to into canals to carry needed water to an area
Ex. Colorado River supplies water for irrigation and drinking in AZ, UT, and CA

41. Dams Built to control a river’s flow.
Artificial lakes or reservoirs are formed behind the dam.
Reservoir water is used for:
a. drinking water
b. irrigation
c. recreation
d. flood control
e. industry
f. hydroelectric dams for producing electric
energy (produces 20% of our energy)

42. Water Conservation Agriculture:
a. drip irrigation systems- deliver small
amounts of water directly to roots
through perforated tubing.
Industry:
a. recycling of cooling water and waste-
water.
b. In some areas, small businesses are paid
to conserve water.

43. Water Conservation con’t.
Homes:
a. Water-saving technologies such as low-
flow toilets and shower heads
b. New buildings may be required to install these new technologies. People in older buildings may be paid to install them.
c. Water lawn at night to reduce water loss from evaporation.
d. xeriscaping- designing landscape that requires minimal water use.

45. Future Solutions
Desalination- removing salt from salt water. Mostly used in Middle East at the present.
Transporting Water-
a. Ships towing bags of freshwater to needed areas. Ex. Greek Islands
b. Some have considered towing icebergs to areas that need freshwater, but an efficient means to do so has not been discovered.

46. Section 3 Water Pollution

47. Point and Non-Point Pollution Sources- pgs 304-305

48. Principal Water Pollutants-pg. 306

49. Wastewater Treatment
Water travels from homes, businesses, etc through sewage pipes to a wastewater treatment plant where it is treated and filtered and then returned to a river, creek, lake, etc.
Diagram on pg. 307

50. Wastewater Treatment Process

51. Where does it go?

52. Waste water treat-ment

64. Sewage Sluge Solid material left after treatment
Toxic & disposed of as hazardous waste
Often burned and ashes buried in landfill
If toxicity reduced, then may be used as fertilizer or to make brick for buildings

65. Eutrophication Caused by an abundance of nutrients.
Natural process that may be accelerated by an increase in phosphorus and nitrogen from sewage and fertilizer runoff.

69. Thermal Pollution
Occurs when the temperature of pond or lake increases.
May be caused by power plants and other industries dumping warm water into lakes and ponds.
Warmer water holds less oxygen and as the amount decreases aquatic organisms may suffocate and die.

70. Groundwater Pollution
Occurs when polluted surface water percolates down through the Earth’s surface.
Sources:
1)pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers and petroleum products
2) leaking underground storage tanks
3) septic tanks, unlined landfills, industrial wastewater lagoons

71. Groundwater Pollution

72. Ocean Pollution 85% comes from land activities.
Examples of pollutants: oil, toxic wastes, medical wastes
Sensitive coastal ecosystems, such as coral reefs and estuaries, are the most affected.
Oil spills from tankers only accounts for 5% of ocean pollution.
The majority of oil pollution in oceans comes from cities and towns.

73. Oil Spills

75. Biomagnification Causes Accumulation of toxins in the food chain.
Pollutants can move up the food chain.
predators eat contaminated prey
pollution accumulates at each stage of the food chain
Top consumers, including humans, are most affected.

76. Biomagnification