1. Rise of Totalitarianism
Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, and Tojo

2. Rise of Totalitarianism
A system in which the state and its leader have nearly TOTAL control.
Individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation.
No right to vote
No free speech
Government controlled economy
Often a police state

3. Totalitarianism
USSR:
Communist
Dictatorship
Germany & Italy:
Fascist
Japan:
Military

4. What is Fascism?
Political belief that says the individual is less important than the nation.
Glorifies violence, believes it is needed to “prove” strength of a people.
Nationalism: extreme pride for the state
Racism: use ethnic pride against other groups
Dictatorships: leaders take total control

5. Communism
A political, social, economic system where the government controls everything- making sure that all get what they need. (in theory) More extreme form of Socialism

6. Joseph Stalin – the brief version (1879-1953)
1924 Lenin died
Lenin wanted Trotsky to take over
Stalin took over instead.
Bullied / threatened / murdered his way into power.
Killed those loyal to Trotsky
Eventually has Trotsky himself killed. (Mexico 1940)
Stalin launched a massive program for industrialization (railroads, steel mills, military hardware), despite what it would require in human suffering.
Five-Year Plan to “catch and overtake” the leading capitalist countries.

7. Joseph Stalin Problems Major Reforms Examples of Totalitarian Rule
After a terrible civil war and the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took power in the Soviet Union. He immediately started putting his opponents to death and began a ruthless program to build up industry in the USSR, killing anyone who stood in his way!
Problems
Major Reforms
Examples of Totalitarian Rule
The USSR was not industrialized and had a very weak military
The Government was unstable after Lenin’s death.
The economy was improving, but many still suffered from famine.
Single party dictatorship (Communist Party)
Ruled through fear and terror (Reign of Terror)
Used censorship and propaganda - schools, newspapers, government
Secret police
Collectivization of farms
Five year plans to industrialize USSR
Total Command Economy - government control all means of production
Built up the military

8. Collectivization
He also started a revolution in Soviet agriculture forcing peasants to participate in collectivization.
This meant the pooling of farmlands, animals, and equipment for the sake of more efficient, and state-run, large-scale production.
Knowing that the well-to-do peasants (kulaks) would not accept this, Stalin decided to “liquidate them as a class.”
Millions were killed outright or sent to forced-labor camps to suffer a slow death.

9. Purges
Many of the remaining peasants refused to go along, killing their herds and intentionally sabotaging their crops.
From 1931 to 1933, millions starved to death.
By 1935, practically all farming was collectivized.
To wipe out any remaining resistance, Stalin unleashed terror to crush opposition through a series of purges.
750,000 were executed between 1936 and 1938.
Those who were not executed were sent to forced labor camps, collectively known as the Gulag.
In the 1920s and 1930s, between 10 and 20 million people died as a result of Stalin’s policies.

10. Workers laboring in the GULAG work camp system

11. From , armed fascist squads faced minimal interference from the police or army as they roamed the country causing property damage and killing about 2,000 political opponents.
On October 24, 1922, Mussolini threatened to seize power with a March on Rome.
thousands of his “Black Shirt” Fascist supporters captured the Italian capital to stop a fictitious Communist plot to overthrow the government.
King Victor Emmanuel III refused to declare a state of emergency, and instead gave in to Mussolini.
Italy

12. Benito Mussolini Problems Major Reforms
Mussolini and his fascist followers, known as the “Blackshirts” marched on Rome and seized power in Italy in Mussolini became Il Duce (“The Leader”) and set up an efficient but brutal rule over Italy!
Examples of Totalitarian Rule
Problems
Major Reforms
No criticism of state allowed!
“Everything is the state” Forced Italian men to join military, women should have babies
Used censorship and propaganda - schools, newspapers, government
Secret police, the OVRA
Economic and political problems (Debt, Unemployment, corruption).
Peasants lost land and resentment after WWI
Fear of communist uprising - Clear division between rich and poor
Developed Fascist party - Extreme sense of nationalism
Repaired and built up the infrastructure (roads, bridges, trains)
Wanted to return Italy to the glory of the Roman Empire

13. The “Battle” for Births, Land, and Grain
Mussolini and his “Blackshirts” march on Rome in and take over government.
The Fascist State
Invasion of Ethiopia
The “Battle” for Births, Land, and Grain
"War is to man what maternity is to a woman. From a philosophical and doctrinal viewpoint, I do not believe in perpetual peace.”

14. “Mare Nostrum” - Italian Expansion
Balcony Speeches
“Mare Nostrum” - Italian Expansion
Libya
Greek Islands
Ethiopia
Albania

15. WWI and the Treaty of Versailles
Germany lost land to surrounding nations
War reparations
Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to US
Germany pays $57 trillion (modern day equivalent)
Germans are bankrupt, embarrassed, guilt ridden, and angry.
Desperate people turn to desperate leaders

16. Nazism
Nazism (National Socialism) a political ideology promoting Germanic racial superiority . Held that the German nation and the purported "Aryan" race were superior to other races.

17. “One people, one empire, one leader!”
In Germany
Adolf Hitler comes to power in Germany by preaching socialism, nationalism, and militarism.
Hitler blamed the other European countries, and the minorities living in Germany for the poor German economy
Hitler’s party soon gained enough support so they could name him to office
“One people, one empire, one leader!”

18. ADOLF HITLER
Brought prominence to the National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI Party)
Head of the 3rd Reich
Believed in Master Race – Aryan Race
Unite all German-speaking people
1933 took power
Anti-communist
Private property with strong governmental control
Das Fuhrer

19. Adolf Hitler Major Reforms Problems
In 1933 Adolf Hitler promised Germans that he would tear up the Treaty of Versailles. His Nazi Party won the elections and he was appointed Chancellor of Germany. He quickly gathered all power in his own hands and began arresting communists, trade unionists and Jews.
Examples of Totalitarian Rule
Major Reforms
Problems
Developed Nazi party - Extreme sense of nationalism
Ignored Treaty of Versailles rebuilt military
Provided security and leadership to Germans
Targeted scapegoats - Jews, French, Communists
Preached service to the state!
Developed idea of Aryans, master race, who needed to be purified and regain land that was rightfully theirs. Campaign against Jews
Used censorship and propaganda - schools, newspapers, government
Secret police, the Gestapo
Damage from WWI and Great Depression caused economy to suffer
Hyperinflation, unemployment, massive debt due to Treaty of Versailles
Fear of communist revolution

20. The Fascist State Nazi Mythology The Military State
“All within the state, none outside the state, none against the state.”
The Military State

22. Nazi Youth Movement
Propaganda Posters

23. Imperial Japan
Japanese military leaders had increased control in post WW I Japan.
Emperor Hirohito
General Hideki Tojo was Prime Minister.
Admiral Yamamoto planned the attack on Pearl Harbor.

24. HIDEKI TOJO Militant Japanese general Took control of Japan in 1941
Pushed for vast colonial empire stretching from China to Thailand
Organized attack on Pearl Harbor

25. Hideki Tojo Examples of Totalitarian Rule Problems Major Reforms
During the Great Depression, nations could not afford to buy Japanese goods and many factories closed. Some Japanese blamed the democracy movement for the economic problems and thought that a return to military rule would be the solution to Japan’s problems.
Examples of Totalitarian Rule
Problems
Major Reforms
Unhappiness over loss of traditions
Loss of foreign markets due to Great Depression
Unemployment, poverty among peasants
Government was seen as weak,corrupt, and inefficient
Preached service to the state and to honor Emperor Hirohito as a god!
Invaded Manchuria and China
Used censorship and propaganda - schools, newspapers, government
Secret police
Military took over government and ended democracy
Glorified war to build an over sea empire
Stressed nationalism, shintoism, and anti- western feelings

26. Invasion of Manchuria The Military State The Rape of Nanjing
In 1937, the Imperial Japanese Army took over Nanjing, China and massacred an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians.
The Japanese army committed numerous atrocities, such as rape, looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of war and civilians.

28. Control of newspapers and schools and led massive youth movements
Charismatic leaders
Control of newspapers and schools and led massive youth movements

29. New media technology used to spread propaganda
Replaces all political institutions with new ones and erases all legal, social, and political traditions
Leaders are unpredictable, never allowing the people to feel completely safe
New media technology used to spread propaganda

30. Stress of military power and expansion Police not limited by laws
Directed violence controlled by the government becomes an important tool
Stress of military power and expansion
Police not limited by laws

31. Rise of Totalitarianism
Causes
W WI and the Treaty of Versailles
Appeasement
Rise of Totalitarianism