1. Table of Contents States of Matter Changes of State Gas Behavior
Graphing Gas Behavior

2. Solids - States of Matter
A fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume.

3. Solids - States of Matter
Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids.
In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.

4. Liquids - States of Matter
Because its particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does have a definite volume.

5. Gases - States of Matter
As they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the space available. Thus, a gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume.

6. Building Vocabulary - States of Matter
A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term.
Key Terms:
Examples:
surface tension
viscosity
gas
Key Terms:
Examples:
solid
Surface tension is the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together.
A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.
crystalline solid
Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids.
amorphous solid
Another property of liquids is viscosity—a liquid’s resistance to flowing.
In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.
liquid
Like a liquid, a gas is a fluid. Unlike a liquid, however, a gas can change volume very easily.
A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own.
fluid
A liquid is also called a fluid, meaning “a substance that flows.”

7. Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity.
- States of Matter
Viscosity
Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity.

8. End of Section: States of Matter

9. Changes Between Solid and Liquid
- Changes of State
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting.

10. Changes Between Solid and Liquid
- Changes of State
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
The change of state from liquid to solid is called freezing.

11. Temperature and Changes of State
A beaker of ice at –10ºC was slowly heated to 110ºC. The changes in the temperature of the water over time were recorded. The data were plotted on the graph shown here.

12. Temperature and Changes of State
Reading Graphs:
What two variables are plotted on the graph?
Temperature (ºC) on the y-axis, time (minutes) on the x-axis

13. Temperature and Changes of State
Reading Graphs:
What is happening to the temperature of the water during segment C of the graph?
The temperature is rising from 0ºC to 100ºC.

14. Temperature and Changes of State
Interpreting Data:
What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D?
Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water

15. Temperature and Changes of State
Drawing Conclusions:
What change of state is occurring during segment B of the graph? For segment D?
Change from solid to liquid; change from liquid to gas

16. Temperature and Changes of State
Inferring:
In which segment, A or E, do the water molecules have more thermal energy? Explain your reasoning.
Water molecules in segment E have more thermal energy because they are at a higher temperature.

17. Outlining - Changes of State
Changes in State
As you read, make an outline about changes of state. Use the red headings for the main topics and the blue headings for the supporting ideas.
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
Melting
Freezing
Changes Between Liquid and Gas
Evaporation
Boiling
Boiling Point and Air Pressure
Condensation
Changes Between Solid and Gas

18. Data Sharing Lab - Changes of State
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about sharing data for the Skills Lab Melting Ice.

19. End of Section: Changes of State

20. A Change in Pressure - Gas Behavior
A punctured basketball deflates as gas particles begin to escape.

21. Using Formulas - Gas Behavior
Pressure can be calculated using the formula below. Force is measured in newtons (N). If area is measured in square meters (m2), pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa).
Pressure = Force/Area
For example, a machine exerts a force of 252 N on a piston having an area of m2. What is the pressure in pascals on the piston?
Pressure = 252 N/0.430 m2 = 586 Pa

22. Using Formulas Practice Problem - Gas Behavior
A trash compactor exerts a force of 5,600 N over an area of m2. What pressure in pascals does the compactor exert?
P = 5,600 N/0.342 m2 = 16,374 Pa

23. Pressure and Volume - Gas Behavior
As weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure increases.

24. Pressure and Temperature
- Gas Behavior
Pressure and Temperature
When a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more often with each other and with the walls of their container. The pressure of the gas increases.

25. Gas Laws Activity - Gas Behavior
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about gas laws.

26. Volume and Temperature
- Gas Behavior
Volume and Temperature
Changing the temperature of a gas at constant pressure changes the volume similarly.

27. Asking Questions - Gas Behavior
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.
Questions
Answers
What measurements are useful in studying gases?
Volume, temperature, and pressure
How are the pressure and volume of gases related?
When the pressure of a gas increases at constant temperature, its volume decreases.
How are the pressure and temperature of gases related?
When the temperature of a gas increases at constant volume, its pressure increases.
How are the volume and temperature of gases related?
When the temperature of a gas increases at constant pressure, its volume increases.

28. End of Section: Gas Behavior

29. Making a Graph - Graphing Gas Behavior
The x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical) form the “backbone” of a graph.

30. Temperature and Volume
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Temperature and Volume
As the temperature of the water bath increases, the gas inside the cylinder is warmed by the water.

31. Temperature and Volume
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Temperature and Volume
The data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table.

32. Temperature and Volume
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Temperature and Volume
The graph of Charles’s law shows that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature under constant pressure.

33. Pressure and Volume - Graphing Gas Behavior
Pushing on the top of the piston decreases the volume of the gas. The pressure of the gas increases.

34. Pressure and Volume - Graphing Gas Behavior
The data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table.

35. Pressure and Volume - Graphing Gas Behavior
The graph of Boyle’s law shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature.

36. Graphing Charles’s Law
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Previewing Visuals
Before you read, preview Figure 23. In a graphic organizer like the one below, write questions that you have about the diagram. As you read, answer your questions.
Graphing Charles’s Law
Q. What is the relationship between temperature and volume?
A. The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature under constant pressure.
Q. What does the dotted line show?
A. The dotted line predicts how the graph would look if the gas could be cooled further.

37. Click the SciLinks button for links on gases.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Links on Gases
Click the SciLinks button for links on gases.

38. End of Section: Graphing Gas Behavior

39. Graphic Organizer Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Example (at room temperature)
State of Matter
Shape
Volume
Solid
Definite
Definite
Diamond
Liquid
Not definite
Definite
Water
Gas
Not definite
Not definite
Oxygen

40. End of Section: Graphic Organizer