2. 1 Architectural Styles Chapter

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Describe traditional architectural styles used in the United States. Explain how social and cultural ideas influence architecture. Explain the historical design influences on todays residential homes. Identify types of multifamily housing. Describe current trends in architecture.

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Introduction The study of architecture encompasses: –A sensitivity to design –Skill in drawing techniques –A knowledge of construction –Awareness of technological advancements –Good knowledge of architectural style

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. American Architectural Styles Native American homes American Colonial homes Romantic styles Victorian styles Period home styles

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Native American Homes Wigwam Tipi Longhouse Adobe Earthen house

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Adobe Pueblo Indians in the Southwest built homes made of adobe brick, stone, earth, and timber Homes were flat-roofed, with multiple stories Adobe dwellings later inspired Spanish Colonial, Spanish Eclectic, southwestern, and eco-friendly housing styles

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. American Colonial Homes Log home Saltbox Cape Cod Tidewater Spanish Colonial Georgian Federal/Adam

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Log Home

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Saltbox Lean-to structure added more living space Low, slanting roof gave house a distinctive shape Resembled the shape of a box used during Colonial period for keeping salt and other sundries

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cape Cod Gable roof Central chimney located in line with the front door Eaves line near top of windows that flank entrance Same features incorporated into houses today

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tidewater

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Spanish Colonial Thick walls made of adobe brick or rubble stone Few windows Multiple doors Pitched or flat roof Interior and exterior walls covered with mud or lime plaster, whitewash, or cement stucco

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Georgian Introduced into America through the use of pattern books

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Georgian Introduced into America through the use of pattern books

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Federal/Adam Symbolizes period just after American Revolution Inspired by classical Greek and Roman architecture Symmetrical, multistory Low-pitched or flat roof Entrance centered on front facade

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Romantic Styles Romanticism was a new social movement Focused on nature, antiquity, emotion, individuality, democracy, and art Main architectural styles were Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Italianate

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Greek Revival

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Gothic Revival Common features: –Steeply pitched, cross-gabled roof with decorative gable trim –Gothic, or pointed, arch in window extending into gable area –Finials at top of gables to accentuate roof

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Italianate Wood-frame or masonry Square or rectangular, with two or three stories Flat, low-pitched roof Wide, overhanging eaves supported by decorative brackets Entryway had arched double doors, small porch

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Victorian Styles The Victorian period occurred during the Industrial Revolution, from 1860 to 1900 Homes were very ornate Common styles included Second Empire, Stick, and Queen Anne

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Second Empire Most distinctive feature was the mansard roof

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Stick Used exterior wall surface as decorative element –Exposed horizontal, vertical, and diagonal boards Steeply pitched roof Exposed roof trusses and rafter ends Wood clapboards or shingles Patterned masonry

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Queen Anne Asymmetrical forms Steeply pitched roof Projecting gables Patterned shingles and masonry Massive chimneys Stucco Half timbers Wraparound porch

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Period Home Styles A period home represented the past, when the virtues of tradition were important Popular period styles include Colonial Revival, Spanish Eclectic, and Tudor Revival

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Colonial Revival Borrowed features from early Colonial period Rectangular shape, with one-story wing Rectangular, double-hung windows, grouped in pairs Centrally located door, decorated with pediment Covered porch or portico

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Spanish Eclectic Mixture of decorative elements from multiple eras made the style eclectic

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tudor Revival Wood-frame structure covered with stucco, brick, stone, or wood, often with half-timbering

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 20th Century Styles Modernism strove to bring back quality of life through craftsmanship Styles included Craftsman, Prairie, Art Deco, Art Moderne, International, Ranch, Postmodern, and Neomodern

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Craftsman Period Lasted from 1860 to 1930 Mail-order houses sold as affordable, mass- produced, unassembled houses in do-it-yourself kits Two basic Craftsman styles were foursquare and bungalow

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Craftsman Foursquare

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Craftsman Bungalow

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Prairie Style blended in with Midwest prairie landscape Rectangular, one or two story Flat or low-hipped roof with wide overhanging eaves Horizontal lines, natural building materials created harmony with surroundings

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Art Deco Smooth surfaces, geometric shapes, projections having strong vertical or horizontal lines

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Art Moderne Asymmetrical, smooth surfaces, curved corners, flat roof, few decorative features

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. International

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Ranch Long, low, rectangular, one-story house style Low-pitched, gabled roof, with wide overhanging eaves Traditionally built on slab, no basement

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Postmodern Postmodernism reintroduced decoration

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Neomodern Same basic principles as International style Emphasizes form and function Rejects the use of decoration and elements borrowed from past architectural styles

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Architecture Green design –Many architects and designers incorporate green design and sustainability into their work –Goal of green design is to create buildings that conserve resources while being environmentally friendly –Sustainability is the ability to last a long time without having a negative impact on the environment and future generations of people Green

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Residential Architecture Today Contemporary and modern houses are current but do borrow features from traditional styles Needs and finances of family dictate type and style of housing Architect must meet clients needs

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Multifamily Housing Accommodates more than one family unit Includes: –Cooperatives –Condominiums –Townhouses –Apartments

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cooperative A type of ownership Residents are stockholders Advantages: affordability, community control Disadvantages: excessive record keeping, lengthy decision-making process, conflicts between stockholders, bad decisions affect all stockholders

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Employability Keeping up with architectural trends –Architectural field changes constantly –Employers seek job candidates who keep up with trends –Keep knowledge up-to-date by using a variety of sources, from Internet searches to trade journals to professional society memberships –Evaluate sources for reliability and reputation

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Condominium Owner buys a unit and share of common ground Common property is maintained through association fees paid by owners Advantages: pride of ownership, ability to gain equity Disadvantages: privacy, association fees, maintenance and repair fees

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Townhouse Connected to other houses by a common wall Buyer purchases unit and the land it sits on Owners responsibility to maintain unit, including any yard

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Apartment Rentable living space Apartments can be found in many types of building Advantages: affordability, range of amenities, styles, and price ranges, require little upkeep or maintenance Disadvantages: loss of control over living space

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Trends in Architecture Increased use of environmentally friendly building materials and construction techniques Sustainable housing