1. Economics System and Development ប្រព័ន្ធសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍
Chapter 4
Economics System and Development ប្រព័ន្ធសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

2. Economic Systems ប្រព័ន្ធសេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Centrally Planned
សេដ្ឋកិច្ចផែនការ
Mixed
សេដ្ឋកិច្ចចំរុះ
Market
សេដ្ឋកិច្ចទីផ្សារ
Government ownership of
economic resources and
state planning
Mostly private (individual
or business) ownership of
economic resources
Government and private
ownership of economic
resoures
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

3. Centrally Planned Economy
សេដ្ឋកិច្ចផែនការ
Asia
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Latin America
Russia (1917)
China (1949)
Cuba (1959)
Government owns most land, factories, and other economic resources and plans nearly all economic activity
Welfare of the group
is paramount​ (ឧត្ដុង្គឧត្ដម)
Economic and social
equality is the goal
“Communist” system
is needed
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

4. Decline of Central Planning ការធ្លាក់ចុះនៃសេដ្ឋកិច្ចផែនការ
Central planning failed to:
ការបរាជ័យនៃសេដ្ឋកិច្ចផែនការ
Create economic value ការបង្កើតតម្លៃសេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Provide incentives ការលើកទឹកចិត្ត
Achieve rapid growth ល្បើនការលូតលាស់
Satisfy consumer needs បំពេញចិត្តតម្រូវការអតិថិជន
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

5. Focus on China Socialism with Challenges ahead:
Chinese characteristics:
សង្គមនិយមដែលមានលក្ខណៈពិសេសរបស់ចិន
Communist after civil
war ended in 1949
Agricultural reforms
began in 1979
Township and Village
Enterprises legal in 1984
Aggressive reform
since that time
Challenges ahead:
បញ្ហាប្រឈមនៅពេលខាងមុខ:
Political problems and
social unrest (ភាពចលាចល)
Unemployment and
migrant labor
Eventual reunification
with Taiwan
Advanced entrepreneurial
and management skills
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

6. Mixed Economy សេដ្ឋកិច្ចចំរុះ
Government and private parties share ownership of land, factories, and other economic resources rather evenly
Goals គោលបំណង:
Stagnant ភាពទ្រឹង:
State-owned businesses
uncompetitive (អាជីវកម្មរបស់រដ្ឋមិនអាច ​ ប្រកួតប្រជែង)
Prices and taxes higher,
living standards mixed
Privatized state firms to
boost competitiveness
Low unemployment
and poverty
Steady economic growth
Equitable distribution
of wealth
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

7. Market Economy សេដ្ឋកិច្ចទីផ្សារ
Private parties (individuals or businesses) own vast majority of land, factories, and other economic resources
Supply ការផ្គត់ផ្គង់
Quantity of a good or service that producers are willing to provide at a specific selling price
Demand តម្រូវការ
Quantity of a good or service that buyers are willing to purchase at a specific selling price
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

8. Laissez-Faire Economics សេដ្ឋកិច្ច លែលសេហ្វែរ
Less government interference in commerce
ការជ្រៀតជ្រែករបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលតិចតួចនៅក្នុងពាណិជ្ជកម្ម
Free choice សេរីភាពនៃការេជ្រើសរើស
Consumers choose freely from
alternative purchase options
Free enterprise សេរីភាពសហគ្រាស
Firms decide which products
to sell and markets to enter
Price flexibility ភាពបត់បែនថ្លៃ
Most prices follow the forces
of supply and demand
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

9. International Business 5e
Government’s Role in a​ Market Economy (តួនាទីរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលក្នុងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចទីផ្សារ)
Enforce antitrust laws (ការពង្រឹងការអនុវត្តច្បាប់ប្រឆាំង)
Preserve property rights (ការពារច្បាប់កម្មសិទ្ធិបញ្ញា)
Provide fiscal and monetary stability (ផ្តល់នូវស្ថេរភាពសារពើពន្ធនិងរូបិយវត្ថុ)
Preserve political stability (រក្សាការពារស្ថិរភាពនយោបាយ)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

10. Enforce Antitrust Laws ការពង្រឹងការអនុវត្តច្បាប់ប្រឆាំង
Encourages development of industries with as many competing businesses as market will sustain
លើកទឹកចិត្តដល់ការអភិវឌ្ឍនៃឧស្សាហកម្មជាមួយការប្រកួតប្រជែងអាជីវកម្មជាច្រើនដើម្បីឲ្យទីផ្សាររស់បាន
Keep​ stable for consumer prices
(រក្សាតម្លៃទំនិញប្រើប្រាស់ឲ្យមានស្ថេរភាព)
Prevents growth-stunting monopolies
(ការពារកំណើនសេដ្ឋកិច្ចតាមរយៈទីផ្សារផ្ដាច់មុខ)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

11. Preserve Property Rights ការពារច្បាប់កម្មសិទ្ធិបញ្ញា
Encourages risk-taking by people and business as claims to assets and future earnings are protected
លើកទឹកចិត្តឱ្យទទួលយកដោយហានិភ័យនិងអាជីវកម្មដោយមនុស្សនិងអជីវកម្មអាចទាមទាយកទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិនិងសំណងប្រាក់ចំណេញនាពេលអនាគតគឺត្រូវបានការពារ
Market economy needs strong property rights​ (សេដ្ឋកិច្ចទីផ្សារត្រូវការសិទ្ធិកម្មសិទ្ធិបញ្ញា)
Entrepreneurs start new businesses (សហគ្រិនចាប់ផ្តើមអាជីវកម្មថ្មី)
Firms create new technologies and products (ក្រុមហ៊ុនបង្កើត បច្ចេកវិទ្យានិងផលិតផលថ្មី)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

12. International Business 5e
Provide Fiscal & Monetary Stability ផ្តល់នូវស្ថេរភាពសារពើពន្ធនិងរូបិយវត្ថុ
Encourages commerce in a nation because it improves its reputation as a place to do business
Fiscal policies (taxation, government spending)
Monetary policies (money supply, interest rates)
Reduces overall uncertainty
Improves business forecasts
Low inflation and unemployment
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

13. Preserve Political Stability រក្សាការពារស្ថិរភាពនយោបាយ
Encourages businesses to engage in activities without fear of disrupted future operations
Promotes economic growth generally
Reduces worries of political risk
Improves chances for business survival
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

14. Economic Freedom & Wealth សេរីភាពនិងសុខមាលភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

15. Economic Development ការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Economic well-being of one nation’s people relative to another nation’s people
Economic output (agricultural,
industrial, service)
Infrastructure (communications,
transportation, power)
People (physical health,
education level)
Productivity is key
Ratio of outputs (that are created) to inputs (resources used to create output)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

16. International Business 5e
National Production GDP is the value of goods and services that a nation produces during a one-year period (GNP adds international activities)
Potential
problems
Purchasing
power parity
Overlooks certain transactions
Ignores economic growth rates
​ May ignore purchasing power
Relative ability of two countries’ currencies to buy the same “basket” of goods in those two countries
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

17. International Business 5e
National Wealth at PPP
PPP Estimate of
GDP per Capita GDP per Capita
Country (U.S. $) (U.S. = 100)
United States 39, ,700
Switzerland 47, ,700
Australia 32, ,400
Canada 30, ,800
United Kingdom 35, ,800
Japan 36, ,600
Czech Republic 10, ,600
Hungary 10, ,900
Mexico 6, ,200
Turkey 4, ,600
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

18. Human Development Index សន្ទស្សការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍ធនធានមនុស្ស
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

19. Classifying Countries ​ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់របស់ប្រទេស
Developed Country
ការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍ប្រទេស
Emerging Market
ភាពរីកចំរើនទីផ្សារ
Newly Industrialized
Country
ប្រទេសឧស្សាហ៍កម្មថ្មី
Developing Country
ប្រទេសកំពង់អភិវឌ្ឍន៍
Highly industrialized, highly efficient, and whose people enjoy a high quality of life
Newly industrialized countries plus those with potential to be newly industrialized
Recently greater national production and exports from industrial operations
Poor infrastructure and extremely low personal income
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

20. Economic Transition ការផ្លាស់ប្តូរសេដ្ឋកិច្ច
Fundamental reorganization of an economy and the creation of new free-market institutions
Reforms include:
Reduce budget deficits and expand credit
Allow the “price mechanism” to determine prices and economic activity
Legalize private firms and privatize state-owned assets within a property rights framework
Remove barriers to trade and investment and eliminate currency controls
Ensure social-welfare system to ease transition
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e

21. Obstacles to Transition ឧបសគ្គក្នុងការផ្លាស់ប្តូរ
Capital
Shortage
ខ្វះខាតនៃមូលធន
Lack of
managerial
Expertise
ខ្វះជំនាញបច្ចេកទេស
Environmental
Degradation
ភាពរិចរិលបរិស្ថាន
Cultural
Differences
ភាបខុសគ្នានៃវប្បធម៌
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
International Business 5e