1. Manipulating DNA

2. Selective Breeding
Man has selectively bred plants and animals for desired traits

3. Mutations of Pointsettias induced by radiation

4. New DNA Technology
Now DNA can be manipulated to produce new combinations not found in nature
How far should we go?
We need to set bioethical limits

5. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis
DNA is cut into small pieces using restriction enzymes
Many copies are made using PCR
Radioactive probes attached to mark ends
An electric current is used to separate pieces by size in a gel
Larger pieces are slower and don’t move as far down the gel

6. DNA Fingerprinting DNA is unique for every individual
Comparing the sequences of small pieces of DNA can be used:
Find relationships
Narrow crime suspects
Identify organisms

7. Tools needed in Gene Cloning
Restriction enzymes
Cuts the desired DNA strands
Bacterial plasmid
cloning vector used to move DNA to another organism
Host DNA
Donor gene(s)
Produces a transgenic organism with recombinant DNA

8. Clones
Copies of one organism

9. Clones Produced by taking cuttings from one plant Grafting Budding
Rooted cuttings

10. Clones
Produced for many years by dividing an embryo to form identical quadruplets
Cows
Pigs

11. A New Type of Clone The nucleus of a donor cell
The ova (egg) of another organism
A surrogate mother

12. How it’s done…

13. FDA says cloned animals safe to eat
Food producers, including Tyson Foods Inc. and Dean Foods Co., said they won't use cloned foods anytime soon.
Bloomberg News / January 16, 2008
WASHINGTON - Cloned cows, pigs, goats, and their offspring are safe to enter the US food supply, regulators said over protests from lawmakers, consumer groups, and worried eaters.

14. Maryann Mott for National Geographic News
April 4, 2006
Meet Royal Blue Boon Too, the first commercially cloned horse in the United States.
The cost of the frisky foal: U.S. $150,000.
That may be a bargain, considering that the original Royal Blue Boon, a 26-year-old American Quarter Horse now past breeding age, has earned more than $380,000 as a competition and show horse. .
Champion Horse Cloned by Texas Breeder

15. Controversial topics…
Scientists hope to use cloned embryos to harvest precious "stem cells" — cells that, in theory, can ultimately grow into any kind of cell in the body.
These cells could be used to generate new organs or cell clusters to treat patients with failing organs or degenerative diseases
In the case of transplant patients, organs made from exact copies of an individual's own cells and would not be rejected.
This research is still in its earliest phase of development. All of the embryos generated actually died — none grew beyond the six-cell stage
Controversial: The thinking is that by allowing any kind of cloning of human embryos, it is then not such an enormous leap to apply the same techniques to making copies of people.

16. Some problems to Overcome:
Many casualties
Birth defects
Failures
Premature aging
Improve technique