1. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Team 6: Eva Marie Suarez Kevin Villani Jacquelyn Masse RERC on Accessible Medical Instrumentation Competition 2005-2006

2. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Client Needs Client Needs Existing devices and Patents Existing devices and Patents Device features Device features Design Design Timeline Timeline Budget Budget Objectives

3. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Client Needs Large number of medications Large number of medications Poor eyesight Poor eyesight Lack of fine motor control Lack of fine motor control Limited mobility Limited mobility Segmentation Segmentation

4. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Product Name ImagePROCON MedTime - Timer with alarm - Portable - $232.95 - Difficult loading - No cutting device - No security feature MD2 - Timer with alarm - Gives medication instructions - Calls caretaker if medication not dispensed or refill is needed - Dispenses in small container - No cutting device - No security feature - $919.95 plus $38.95 per month CompuMed - Timer with alarm - Gives medication instructions - Minimal security - Tracks number of missed doses - Pills deposited into drawer - Only dispenses up to 4 times per day - Medicine cassette needs to be changed weekly - No cutting device - $1045.00 Products Currently Available Products Currently Available

5. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Patents Medication Dispenser for Dispensing Flat Dosage Forms (6,527,138) Medication Dispenser for Dispensing Flat Dosage Forms (6,527,138) Tamper Resistant Programmable Medicine Dispenser (6,163,736) Tamper Resistant Programmable Medicine Dispenser (6,163,736) Timed Medicine Dispenser (4,207,992) Timed Medicine Dispenser (4,207,992) Medicine Dispenser (5,947,329) Medicine Dispenser (5,947,329) Medicine Dispensing Device (5,454,793) Medicine Dispensing Device (5,454,793) Gravity Feeding Pill Medicine Dispenser (4,638,923) Gravity Feeding Pill Medicine Dispenser (4,638,923)

6. Automated Medication Dispensing Device General Themes Pills must be pre-separated (time consuming loading process) Pills must be pre-separated (time consuming loading process) Accuracy is not verified frequently Accuracy is not verified frequently No cutting device No cutting device Difficult to extract dispensed medication from apparatus Difficult to extract dispensed medication from apparatus Costly Costly

7. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Device features Automatically Cuts Pills Automatically Cuts Pills No Hard-To-Read Labels No Hard-To-Read Labels Keeps Pills Organized Keeps Pills Organized Alarm Reminder Alarm Reminder Automatically Dispenses Dosage Automatically Dispenses Dosage

8. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Operation Basic overview

9. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Basic Elements Basic Elements Device components Device components Case Case Robotic arm with vacuum assembly Robotic arm with vacuum assembly Cutter assembly Cutter assembly Storage assembly Storage assembly Data flow Data flow User input User input

10. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Case

11. Case (inside)

12. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Layout of All Components

13. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Robotic Arm

14. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Robotic Arm Action

15. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Cutter Assembly – Swing Arm Action

16. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Cutter Assembly – Blade Action

17. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Storage Assembly

18. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Data Flow

19. Automated Medication Dispensing Device User Input User Input User interface User interface PDA PDA Keyboard Keyboard Barcode Scanner Barcode Scanner Functions Functions Add pills Add pills Compartment # Compartment # # of pills # of pills Expiration date Expiration date Set dosage Set dosage # pills per dose # pills per dose Times to take Times to take

20. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Timeline

21. Budget

22. Back-Up Slides

23. Automated Medication Dispensing Device MedTime: The Medtime product is essentially a rotating disk that contains several compartments in which the pills are separated into to create the appropriate dosage. The MedTime device also contains a timer and an alarm which can be programmed to sound when the medication must be taken. Once this alarm goes off, the disk rotates to reveal the next dosage to be taken. The client then turns the product over so the pills fall into his/her hand. If a dosage is missed then the disk will continue to rotate so that the next dosage becomes available. The advantage of this device is that it is portable, so it can be taken with the client at all times. This product is also one of the least expensive medication dispensing devices at $232.95. The disadvantages of this product are its time consuming loading requirement, the lack of a cutting device, and minimal security. To load the device all the dosages must be pre-separated which will require the effort of a caretaker in most cases. The dispensing mechanism of the device is also inadequate for many elderly, since it requires one to tip the device over to expel the dosage. Not only is the method of dispensing not safe if there are children present since it is accessible to anyone, but it also provides the opportunity for the medication to fall on the ground easily. Those in a wheelchair would not be able to pick up the medication if it fell on the ground as well as those with poor vision. MedTime: The Medtime product is essentially a rotating disk that contains several compartments in which the pills are separated into to create the appropriate dosage. The MedTime device also contains a timer and an alarm which can be programmed to sound when the medication must be taken. Once this alarm goes off, the disk rotates to reveal the next dosage to be taken. The client then turns the product over so the pills fall into his/her hand. If a dosage is missed then the disk will continue to rotate so that the next dosage becomes available. The advantage of this device is that it is portable, so it can be taken with the client at all times. This product is also one of the least expensive medication dispensing devices at $232.95. The disadvantages of this product are its time consuming loading requirement, the lack of a cutting device, and minimal security. To load the device all the dosages must be pre-separated which will require the effort of a caretaker in most cases. The dispensing mechanism of the device is also inadequate for many elderly, since it requires one to tip the device over to expel the dosage. Not only is the method of dispensing not safe if there are children present since it is accessible to anyone, but it also provides the opportunity for the medication to fall on the ground easily. Those in a wheelchair would not be able to pick up the medication if it fell on the ground as well as those with poor vision. MD2: The MD2 is a more sophisticated medication dispensing device than the MedTime. This product contains the same feature of a timed dispensing mechanism with an alarm to alert the client. The dosage is expelled in a small plastic container once the release button is pushed by the user which also turns off the alarm. When a dosage is released any medication instructions that was programmed into the device is then given orally, such as take with food. If a dosage is missed the device can call up to four individuals to alert them that a dose was not taken. The advantages of this device is that it alerts another individual of a missed dose rather than moving onto the next one, so the probability of a dosage not being taken is relatively small. Clients that forget to take their medication are also likely to forget the instructions or each medication, an error in consumption of the pills is prevented with this device via the oral instructions. The disadvantage of this product is mainly its cost. The dispenser costs $919.95 plus an additional $38.95 per month for the calling feature. The product also does not have a cutter and has minimal security since the dispensing of the medication is controlled by the push of a button, which can be done by any individual in the household including small children. Dispensing the dosage in a small container also requires the assistance of a caretaker to prepare. Opening this container once dispensed may also prove difficult for some individuals with limited mobility and poor vision. MD2: The MD2 is a more sophisticated medication dispensing device than the MedTime. This product contains the same feature of a timed dispensing mechanism with an alarm to alert the client. The dosage is expelled in a small plastic container once the release button is pushed by the user which also turns off the alarm. When a dosage is released any medication instructions that was programmed into the device is then given orally, such as take with food. If a dosage is missed the device can call up to four individuals to alert them that a dose was not taken. The advantages of this device is that it alerts another individual of a missed dose rather than moving onto the next one, so the probability of a dosage not being taken is relatively small. Clients that forget to take their medication are also likely to forget the instructions or each medication, an error in consumption of the pills is prevented with this device via the oral instructions. The disadvantage of this product is mainly its cost. The dispenser costs $919.95 plus an additional $38.95 per month for the calling feature. The product also does not have a cutter and has minimal security since the dispensing of the medication is controlled by the push of a button, which can be done by any individual in the household including small children. Dispensing the dosage in a small container also requires the assistance of a caretaker to prepare. Opening this container once dispensed may also prove difficult for some individuals with limited mobility and poor vision. CompuMed: The CompuMed shares some similarities with both the MedTime and the MD2. This device alerts the user that a dosage needs to be taken via an alarm. The dosage is deposited into a small drawer located on the front of the device. If a dosage is missed the drawer is withdrawn and the dosage is sent to another compartment. The machine keeps track of how many doses were missed but does not alert any caretaker as the MD2 does. It will also provide the medication instructions on the LCD screen when a dosage is dispensed as the MD2. The CompuMed has a higher level of security than the other two devices. Although the dosage is deposited into a drawer where others can access it, the rest of the medication stored in the product is locked inside with a key. This key is also needed to change the programming of the device and thus prevents any tampering that may otherwise occur. The main advantages of this device are its enhanced security, and lower cost when compared to the MD2. The CompuMed costs approximately $1045.00, but does not have any additional monthly fees. The disadvantage of this product is that the medication is loaded into cartridges which is a time consuming process and limits the amount of medication that can dispensed. The cartridges need to be changed weekly and are only capable of dispensing up to four dosages per day. This device also lacks a cutting mechanism and dispenses the medication into a drawer which may be difficult to extract from the small drawer for some individuals. CompuMed: The CompuMed shares some similarities with both the MedTime and the MD2. This device alerts the user that a dosage needs to be taken via an alarm. The dosage is deposited into a small drawer located on the front of the device. If a dosage is missed the drawer is withdrawn and the dosage is sent to another compartment. The machine keeps track of how many doses were missed but does not alert any caretaker as the MD2 does. It will also provide the medication instructions on the LCD screen when a dosage is dispensed as the MD2. The CompuMed has a higher level of security than the other two devices. Although the dosage is deposited into a drawer where others can access it, the rest of the medication stored in the product is locked inside with a key. This key is also needed to change the programming of the device and thus prevents any tampering that may otherwise occur. The main advantages of this device are its enhanced security, and lower cost when compared to the MD2. The CompuMed costs approximately $1045.00, but does not have any additional monthly fees. The disadvantage of this product is that the medication is loaded into cartridges which is a time consuming process and limits the amount of medication that can dispensed. The cartridges need to be changed weekly and are only capable of dispensing up to four dosages per day. This device also lacks a cutting mechanism and dispenses the medication into a drawer which may be difficult to extract from the small drawer for some individuals.

24. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Medication Dispenser for Dispensing Flat Dosage Forms (6,527,138): This device is designed specifically for flat mediations that come on a roll similar to that of a stamp roll. The device then advances the roll when the next medication needs to be taken. The dispensing mechanism can be either manual activated, mechanical or automated. The machine also has the capability to record the number of doses dispensed. Medication Dispenser for Dispensing Flat Dosage Forms (6,527,138): This device is designed specifically for flat mediations that come on a roll similar to that of a stamp roll. The device then advances the roll when the next medication needs to be taken. The dispensing mechanism can be either manual activated, mechanical or automated. The machine also has the capability to record the number of doses dispensed. Tamper Resistant Programmable Medicine Dispenser (6,163,736): This device prevents unauthorized movement of the indexing assembler to prevent untimely access to medications. It is a small and portable product, but requires the medications to be separated into the appropriate dosages beforehand. Tamper Resistant Programmable Medicine Dispenser (6,163,736): This device prevents unauthorized movement of the indexing assembler to prevent untimely access to medications. It is a small and portable product, but requires the medications to be separated into the appropriate dosages beforehand. Medicine Dispenser (5,947,329): This product also provides a security feature against unauthorized access to the medication by storing the medication in sealed containers that require deliberate steps to get the medication dispensed. This device is completely mechanical and includes a counter to track the dosages dispensed. Medicine Dispenser (5,947,329): This product also provides a security feature against unauthorized access to the medication by storing the medication in sealed containers that require deliberate steps to get the medication dispensed. This device is completely mechanical and includes a counter to track the dosages dispensed. Timed Medicine Dispenser (4,207,992): As the title suggests, this a timed dispenser which alerts the patient when the medication needs to be taken. The pills need to be pre-separated into the correct dosages as with several of the other devices. Timed Medicine Dispenser (4,207,992): As the title suggests, this a timed dispenser which alerts the patient when the medication needs to be taken. The pills need to be pre-separated into the correct dosages as with several of the other devices. Medicine Dispensing Device (5,454,793): This device is made specifically for liquid medications. It dispenses metered quantities from an ampoule and can easily return to its original state. Medicine Dispensing Device (5,454,793): This device is made specifically for liquid medications. It dispenses metered quantities from an ampoule and can easily return to its original state. Gravity Feeding Pill Medicine Dispenser (4,638,923): This is the only device that dispenses the medication from the container provided by the pharmacy. It uses gravity to release the pills from the container. It is economical and easy to use, but does not contain a system to verify that the pills were extracted from the container correctly. Gravity Feeding Pill Medicine Dispenser (4,638,923): This is the only device that dispenses the medication from the container provided by the pharmacy. It uses gravity to release the pills from the container. It is economical and easy to use, but does not contain a system to verify that the pills were extracted from the container correctly. Patents

25. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Design One

26. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Design One Cutter

27. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Design One Rejection Assembly

28. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Design Two keypad Robotic Arm Cutter

29. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Design Two – Robotic Arm

30. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Design Three – Robotic Arm

31. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Vacuum Fan Requirements P = F/A F =mg A= πr 2 Therefore, P= mg/ πr 2 (Equations)

32. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Secondary Stage

33. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Secondary Stage

34. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Pathway of Pill

35. Automated Medication Dispensing Device Specifications

36. References e-pill Medication Reminders, Wellesley, MA, 2005. http://www.epill.com Lynxmotion LLC., Pekin, IL, 2004. http://www.lynxmotion.com National Instruments Corporation, Austin, TX, 2005. http://www.ni.com Parallax Inc., Rocklin, California, 2002-2004. http://www.parallax.com