1. Gut Microbiota and Pancreatic Cancer
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2. Science 2018;359 (IF 31)
Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1–based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Routy et al., Science 359, 91 –97 (2018)
Gut microbiome modulates response to anti–PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Gopalakrishnan et al., Science 359, 97 –103 (2018)
The commensal microbiome is associated with anti–PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Matson et al., Science 359, 104–108 (2018)

3. Gut microbiota sways response to cancer immunotherapy
Together, these studies suggest that the intestinal microbiota has an important mechanistic role in antitumour immunity, which has implications for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancer.
Nature Reviews Microbiology volume16, page121 (2018) IF 31

4. (IF 20)
April 2018 CANCER DISCOVERY (IF 24)

5. Gut Microbiota Promotes Tumor Growth in Mice by Modulating Immune Response
Subcutaneous and liver metastases models of pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma in C57BL/ 6J mice.
Gut microbiome depletion significantly reduced tumor burden in all the models tested.
Depletion of gut microbiome did not reduce tumor growth in Rag1-knockout mice, which lack mature T and B cells.
Gut microbiome depletion led to significant increase in interferon gamma–producing T cells with corresponding decrease in IL17a and IL10–producing T cells.
It is unclear if dysbiosis in general or some specific gut microbe is responsible for the effects observed.

6. The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression
Cancerous pancreas harbors a markedly more abundant microbiome compared with normal pancreas in both mice and humans.
KC (K-ras), KPC (K-ras, p53) transgenic mice model
Ablation of the microbiome protects against preinvasive and invasive PDA, whereas transfer of bacteria from PDA-bearing hosts, but not controls (wt), reverses tumor protection.
Immunogenic reprogramming of the PDA tumor microenvironment, including a reduction in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and an increase in M1 macrophage differentiation, promoting TH1 differentiation of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T-cell activation
Bacterial ablation also enabled efficacy for checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy by upregulating PD-1 expression.
Distinct and abundant microbiome drives suppressive monocytic cellular differentiation in pancreatic cancer via selective Toll-like receptor ligation leading to T-cell anergy.
Bifidobacterium: important role for T cell anergy