1. Freedmen in the South Carolina Sea Islands
Pursuing Equality for African-Americans During Reconstruction
Freedmen in the South Carolina Sea Islands

2. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy
The End of the Civil War
When the Union won the Civil War the big questions were:
What should Southern states have to do to be readmitted to the Union?
What should happen to southerners who participated in the war effort?
What should happen to the newly emancipated slaves?
Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy

3. Views of Reconstruction
Republican leaders agreed that slavery had to be permanently destroyed and all forms of Confederate nationalism had to be suppressed
Moderates thought this could be accomplished as soon as Confederate armies surrendered and the southern states repealed secession and ratified the 13th Amendment
All of this happened by the end of September 1865
General Lee surrendering to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse

4. 13th Amendment
While Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation officially freed the slaves in the South this amendment officially ended Slavery in the United States the thirteenth amendment

5. Johnson Alienates Radical Republicans
President Johnson supported votes for Black army veterans in 1864 and 1865
By 1866, however, Johnson broke with the moderate Republicans and aligned himself with the Democrats who opposed equality and opposed the Fourteenth Amendment
Radicals attacked Johnson’s policies, especially his 10% Plan and his veto of the Civil Rights Bill for the Freedmen
President Andrew Johnson

6. Plans for Reconstruction
Led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, the Radical Republicans wanted the Southern states to be punished for their treasonous behavior
They called for harsh punishment of Confederate officers and soldiers and equal rights for Freedmen

7. Radical Republicans Gain Control of Congress
The election of 1866 dramatically changed the balance of power in congress, giving the Radical Republicans enough votes to overcome Johnson's vetoes
Though he avoided (by one vote) the Radical Republican attempt to impeach him Johnson remained almost powerless regarding Reconstruction policy
“Time Works Wonders” by Thomas Nast

8. Radical Reconstruction
Northern Republican Congressmen responded to Andrew Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction by
passing the Reconstruction Act of 1867.
dividing the former Confederacy, with the exception of Tennessee, into military districts.
sending federal troops into the South to protect the rights of freedmen.
Radical Republican Leaders

9. Black Codes
White Southerners sought ways to control newly freed African Americans
They wrote Black Codes to regulate civil and legal rights, from marriage to the right to hold and sell property
In many ways the codes guaranteed African Americans would continue working as farm laborers
African American men who were arrested for vagrancy due to unemployment

10. Freedmen’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau was created to help former slaves with
becoming educated.
finding employment.
During Reconstruction freedmen were granted the right to vote and as a result many African Americans were elected to local, state, and federal political offices.

11. The 14th Amendment
In order to ensure permanent change the 14th amendment granted citizenship to African Americans denied by the Dred Scott Decision
The amendment also guaranteed the right to due process under the law to African Americans

12. The 15th Amendment Granted African American men suffrage in 1870
This did not guarantee African American men would be allowed access to their local polls
Violence against African Americans at polling places was common
Literacy tests, poll taxes and other voter qualification laws became common
The First Black Voters

13. African Americans Vote
Slowly Southern states held elections in which Freedmen voted
These elections usually produced Republican state governments
For the first time African Americans were elected to local, state and federal offices
Hiram Revels, the first African American elected to the U.S. Senate

14. Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes became president in 1877, in part by making a secret agreement with politician in the South to end Reconstruction if they helped him get elected

15. The End of Radical Reconstruction
Federal Reconstruction ended in 1876 with the election of Rutherford B. Hayes to the presidency
A few weeks after taking office Hayes issued an order for the removal of all federal soldiers stationed in the South
The end of Reconstruction led to a drastic reduction of rights for African Americans
President Rutherford Hayes

16. SOUTH'S COUNTER REVOLUTION
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17. Spreading Terror K K K The Federal Response The Ku Klux Klan
President Grant’s War On Terrorism.
The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting.
Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect voters and voting places.
As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but ended.
The Ku Klux Klan
The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters.
They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers.
They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them.
Prosperous African Americans, carpetbaggers, and scalawags became their victims.

18. Slavery by anaother Name
1. Poor whites and freedmen have no jobs, no homes, and no money to buy land.
6. Sharecropper cannot leave the farm as long as he is in debt to the landlord.
2. Landowners need laborers and have no money to pay laborers.
ECONOMIC
SLAVERY
3. Hire poor whites and freedmen as laborers
Sign contracts to work landlord’s land in exchange for a part of the crop.
5. At harvest time, the sharecropper is paid.
Pays off debts.
If sharecropper owes more to the landlord or store than his share of the crop is worth;
4. Landlord keeps track of the money that sharecroppers owe him for housing, food or local store.

19. social reality
SEGREGATION
After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of their skin in public facilities.
Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and from voting.
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clause

20. social reality
JIM CROW
The systematic practice of discriminating against and segregating Black people, especially as practiced in the American South from the end of Reconstruction to the mid- 20th century
Derogatory name for a Black person, ultimately from the title of a 19th-century minstrel song.
Goal: Take away political and constitutional rights guaranteed by Constitution: Voting and equality of all citizens under the law.

21. social reality
Jim Crow Laws
Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote.
Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not literate.
Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote….

22. Do Now
Can you think of how Slavery by Another Name (hidden slavery) may exist in the U.S. Today?

23. Who caused Reconstruction to fail?
Write a one paragraph answer using information from the documents and the PPT.
Name a group
Provide two to three facts
Analyze how those facts prove the group is responsible
Draw a conclusion