1. The State of Water Use Efficiency in South Africa
Towards Regulating Water Conservation and Water Demand Management
Cain Chunda and Chabedi Tsatsi
Water Use Efficiency
01 November 2006

2. Presentation Outline Introduction
Extent of Water Losses and Wastages: A Local Government Focus
Causes of Water Losses & Wastages: A Local Government Focus
Recommended Interventions and work in progress
Benefits and Success Stories of Water Conservation and Water Demand Management

3. Introduction
Water is a vital natural resource because it is fundamental to life. Although it is a key indispensable natural resource, water in South Africa is very scarce.
Water in South Africa is being transferred over long distances on very large scales which means the performance of all water providers should be monitored and improved.
The NWA, 1998 is founded on the central principles of equity, efficiency and sustainability.

4. Extent of Water Losses and Wastages: NRW
Non-Revenue Water refers to the total of apparent losses, real losses and the proportion of authorised consumption, which is not billed.

5. Breakdown of Rand Water Urban Demands

6. Water used by main urban centres in the Vaal River System
Area
Annual Demand
(million m3)
Johannesburg
470
Ekurhuleni
291
Tshwane
255
Emfuleni 79
Rustenberg 26
Mogale 24
Govan Mbeki 18
Matjhabeng 16
Randfontein 7
Total
1 186

7. Growth in demand of main demand centres
JOHANNESBURG
EKURHULENI
VOLUME (mill m3 / annum)
TSHWANE
EMFULENI

8. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities
System
Input
Volume
Revenue
Water
Billed and paid for
consumption
Free basic water
zero rate
Billed but not paid
for consumption
Non
Revenue
Water
Apparent
Losses
UARL
Potential saving on
physical leakage

9. Sebokeng Evaton Water Balance
System
Input
Volume
m3/annum
Billed and paid for
Consumption
m3/annum 5%
Free basic water
m3/annum
20%
Apparent losses
m3/annum 4%
Sebokeng Evaton Water Balance
UARL (2 to 3 times)
m3/annum
12%
Potential saving on
physical leakage
and
inefficient consumption
m3/annum
59%

10. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

11. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

12. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

13. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

14. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

15. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

16. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

17. Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

18. Summary of Estimated NRW
Area
Annual Demand
(million m3)
Estimated NRW
(million m3/a)
Johannesburg
470
154
Ekurhuleni
291 91
Tshwane
255 66
Emfuleni 79 49
Rustenberg 26 8
Mogale 24 6
Govan Mbeki 18 5
Matjhabeng 16 9
Randfontein 7 2
Total
1 186
390

19. Non-Revenue Water refers to the total of apparent, real losses and the proportion of authorised consumption, which is not billed
390 million m3 of water lost through Non-Revenue Water is a massively huge amount of water FAR IN EXCESS OF THE NEXT AUGMENTATION SCHEME FROM R15billion.

20. Where is this water going?
Connection Burst
Leaking Valve

21. Where is this water going?
Leak repairs
Connection Burst

22. Where is this water going?
Leaking Taps

23. Where is this water going?
Running tap inside school
Leaking Taps and Urinals at schools

24. Where is this water going?
Reservoir Leakage
Leaking Taps and Urinals

25. IT’S ALSO CAUSING ACCIDENTS!!!
Photo courtesy Willem Wegelin

26. Causes of the water losses and wastages
Lack of dedicated financial resources to support implementation of water conservation and demand management interventions including O and M.
Lack of institutional commitment and regulatory tools to enforce implementation of WC/WDM as per the NWA, 1998 and the WC/WDM Strategies resulting in:
Old dilapidated infrastructure (physical leakages),
Institutional capacity (billing systems and auditing),
Education and awareness (consumer behaviour to water),
Political leadership at provincial and local level (technical managers complain of not getting support to implement with budgets being reduced or not availed for WC/WDM).

27. Work In Progress: Institutional Interventions
Institutionalising WC/WDM through regional office structure
Developing protocols & governance tools for WC/WDM:
WC/WDM conditions for WUA,
WC/WDM sector Guidelines,
WC/WDM Training Manuals,
WC/WDM Info. System,
WC/WDM Regulations.

28. Work In Progress: Implementation Support
WMA situation assessment studies
Developing WC/WDM Strategies and implementation plans for the following WMAs in support of Water Allocation Reform:
Olifants WMA (Mpumalanga and Limpopo),
Inkomati WMA (Mpumalanga),
Mvoti-Mzimkhulu WMA (Kwa-Zulu Natal),
Uthukela WMA (Kwa-Zulu Natal),
Usuthu-Mhlathuze WMA (Kwa-Zulu Natal), and
Upper and Middle Vaal WMAs,
Mokolo Catchment.

29. Work In Progress: Implementation Support
Municipal support interventions
Providing support (financial and technical) to municipalities to develop and implement water conservation and water demand management viz.
Emfuleni (Gauteng),
Umkhanyakude, Uthungulu and Zululand Districts (Kwa-Zulu Natal),
Nelson Mandela and Buffalo City (Eastern Cape),
Ramotshere Moiloa, Rustenburg (North West),
City of Johannesburg, Tshwane, Ekurhuleni, Sedibeng, Dr JS Moroka, etc (Gauteng/Mpumalanga), and
Matjhabeng, Moqhaka LM (Free State),
Lephalale, Greater Tzaneen, Capricon, Sekhukhune DM (Limpopo).

30. Scope for water conservation and Demand Management
Where can savings be made ? (addressing only the wastage and not the billed and paid for consumption)
Billed and paid for
consumption
Retrofitting &
Metering
Free basic water
zero rate
Pressure
Management
Billed but not paid
for consumption
Mains
Replacement
Apparent
Losses
ALC
UARL
Other
(Bylaws,
sectorising,
awareness)
Potential saving on
physical leakage

31. Recommended Interventions and Work in Progress
Develop National Regulations for WC/WDM to address amongst others the:
Setting of national water use efficiency standards,
Setting of national, provincial and local specifications for housing developments with respect to water efficient plumbing devices,
National labelling of water efficient devices,
Enforcement of WC/WDM through provincial legislation & local bylaws,
Setting penalties for wasteful use of water within public buildings,
Provision of incentives for achieving WC/WDM targets and benchmarks.
The Department is already in process of developing these regulations

32. Recommended Interventions and Work in Progress
Establishment of a National Water Demand Revolving Fund to support water conservation and demand management programmes:
Australia, USA, and other efficient countries have such dedicated funds in place for facilitating uptake of WC/WDM.
In SA Eskom is piloting an excellent similar initiative through its Demand Side Management (DSM) Fund for energy efficiency.
Discussions are ongoing with institutions such as TCTA to explore possibilities for funding WC/WDM interventions at a reasonable tariff recovery rate.

33. Recommended Interventions and Work in Progress
Backlog of Maintenance before which certain WDM measures cannot be implemented
Other WDM Interventions
Quick fix WDM interventions:
Indirect WDM measures
Valve maintenance and repair,
Pipe replacement;
Bulk Meter replacement
Domestic meter replacement;
Replacement and repair of water towers etc
Full sectorising
Proper billing and cost recovery
MIS and analysis of Minimum Night flows etc
Certain Bylaws
Pressure management;
Leak location & Repair
Manage impact of inefficient garden irrigation etc
Schools awareness
Public Awareness
CLO’s & door to door discussions
Billing and Payment for water

34. Return on Investment on Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (Municipal Revenue)
Emfuleni Local Municipality we invested R8m in WDM and we are saving in excess of 9million cubic metres of water and well over R24m per annum to the municipality
City of Johannesburg through Operation Q’cina Amanzi invested has invested R 600 million over a period of five years to save 60 million of water which would have cost new infrastructure scheme of over R 5 billion.
In Vaal River System we can invest an estimated R3billion on WC/WDM to make available to save in excess of R15billion worth of augmentation scheme either from Lesotho or Thukela

35. Return on Investment on Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WAR)
OPPORTUNITIES AND COSTS OF POTENTIAL WATER SAVING MEASURES IN THE INKOMATI WMA
Water Use Sector
Capital Investment Plan
Water Saving
% Saving
Average Incremental cost of water saved
Capital Cost
(Million R)
Annual O&M Cost
Mill. m3/a
Domestic & Commercial
4.5
1.75
5.00 12
R0.14 per m3
Industrial and Mining
5.5
1.51
2.03 8
R0.58 per m3
Irrigation
150.50
25.93
205
14.8
R0.09 per m3
Total
157.5
31.19
207

36. Return on Investment on Water Conservation and Water Demand Management
Create an informed public regarding WC/WDM
Create the culture of WC/WDM through water use institutions
Promote and enforce water wise behaviour
Capacitate water utilities and institutions on WC/WDM
Improve service delivery
Address socio economic development of local communities through job creation

37. THANK YOU