1. From Republic to Empire

2. II. Rome Becomes an Empire

3. A. The First Triumvirate
60 BC - Caesar and two other generals,
Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus, formed
the First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar BC
Gnaeus Pompey BC
Licinius Crassus 115 BC – 53 BC

4. A. The First Triumvirate
Crassus died; Caesar defeated Pompey in a
civil war; named dictator for life in 44 BC
Julius Caesar and the Crossing of the Rubicon

5. The Power Vacuum
The legacy of Julius Caesar’s death was the political vacuum that was left after the Ides of March.
Caesar’s series of dictatorships and the many titles and honors granted by the Senate had effectively dismantled the mechanism of government. Free elections had not been held since 49BC
Whoever was to fill the vacuum would need wealth and a loyal army.

6. Landless Roman Peasants Italian Allies Senate Roman Plebs Equites
Served in the armies that
had won an empire
Wanted farmland and a minimum
standard of living
Italian Allies
Served in the armies that
had won an empire
Wanted citizenship and equal
Treatment
Senate
- Intense rivalries
Jealously protected
privileges and power
Did not address needs for
reform
Roman Plebs
Laborers and poor of the capital
Access to grain and bread at
affordable prices
Equites
Wealthy and distinguished non-senators
Wanted honors and recognition and did
not want senators to look down on them

7. B. The Second Triumvirate
43 BC - Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus
seized power; formed the Second Triumvirate
Octavian BC - AD 14
Marc Antony BC – 30 BC
Lepidus BC - 13 BC

8. B. The Second Triumvirate
Lepidus forced out; Antony and Octavian
each governed half the empire

9. In possession of CaesarS will
Octavian and Antony Heirs apparent? As individuals what do they have and what do they lack to take up the fill the shoes of Caesar?
OCTAVIAN
Sources of power
NAME OF CAESAR:
Patrician birth
Clientale
Loyal army
Wealth?
MARK ANTONY
SOURCES OF POWER
In possession of CaesarS will
Consul for 44BC
Loyalty of veterans
From the Civil War

10. B. The Second Triumvirate
31 BC - Civil war between Octavian and Antony;
Octavian defeated Antony and Egypt’s Cleopatra
The Battle of Actium

11. B. The Second Triumvirate
Cleopatra, Antony committed suicide; Octavian
controlled Rome; republic ended, beginning a
new period in Roman history
Antony and Cleopatra

12. C. From Octavian to Augustus
27 BC - Senate gave Octavian title of Augustus,
“the revered one”
Birth name:
Gaius Octavius Thurinus
Name as Emperor:
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus

13. C. From Octavian to Augustus
Augustus (63 B.C. – AD 14)
First Roman Emperor
(27 BC - AD 14)
“He subjected the whole wide earth to the rule of the Roman people”

14. D. The Augustan Age Ruled 40 years, power divided between him
and Senate; conquests expanded the empire
and brought peace – Pax Romana

15. D. The Augustan Age Life in Rome improved; period of cultural
creativity, greatest writers in Roman history –
Horace, Ovid, Livy, and Virgil

16. E. The Emperors AD 14 - Augustus died; empire ruled by
Caesar’s relatives next 54 years – the Julio-
Claudian Emperors

17. E. The Emperors Abilities varied: Tiberius a good soldier and
ruler; Caligula brutal, mentally unstable; Nero,
last Julio-Claudian, committed suicide in AD 68
Nero (54-68 A.D.)
Tiberius (A.D )
Caligula (37 to 41)

18. Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus
E. The Emperors
After Nero, civil wars raged in Rome; four
military leaders ruled in AD 69; last was
Vespasian
Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus
(AD 9 – AD 79

19. E. The Emperors 69 to 96 AD - Vespasian re-established order;
stability returned under the Flavians - Vespasian
and his two sons
The Flavian family, Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian, depicted in The Triumph of Titus

20. E. The Emperors AD 96: reign of the Good Emperors began – five
rulers who governed Rome almost a century
The Five Good Emperors - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius

21. Aureus issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest of Parthia
E. The Emperors
Empire grew under the Good Emperors;
reached limits of expansion under Trajan
Aureus issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest of Parthia

22. Hadrian's Wall in northern England
E. The Emperors
Hadrian thought empire too large, withdrew from
the east; built defensive fortifications as guard
against invasions
Hadrian's Wall in northern England

23. Hadrian’s Wall
Hadrian’s Wall was built by the Romans around 120 A.D. in England
It was meant to protect Roman Britannia (England) from Northern tribes located in modern day Scotland. 

24. A. Government Government strongest unifying force in empire:
maintained order, enforced laws, defended
frontiers

25. A. Government Empire divided into provinces ruled by
governors appointed and monitored by Rome

26. B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Law unified the empire; specified crimes and
penalties; applied to everyone in empire - the
“Rule of Law”

27. B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Agriculture remained primary occupation;
tenant farmers began replacing slaves on large
farms

28. B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Manufacturing increased; produced everything
from cheap pottery to world’s finest goods
Ancient Roman drinking vessels, bowls and jars
Ancient glassware from the Roman era

29. B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Using knowledge from arches, Roman Vaults were used to create large indoor areas.

30. B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Imported grain, meat, raw materials from
provinces; Rome and Alexandria became
commercial centers

31. B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Commercial activity possible because of
empire’s location and extensive (about 50,000
mile) road network