1. Gastric mucosal smooth muscles may explain oscillations in glandular pressure: Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide 
Ingrid Synnerstad, Eva Ekblad, Frank Sundler, Lena Holm 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 114, Issue 2, Pages (February 1998)
DOI: /S (98)
Copyright © 1998 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Photomicrographs of cryostat sections of (A and B) dog, (C) rat, and (D and E) human oxyntic mucosae (original magnifications: A and D, 230×; B and C, 375×; E, 600×). (A) A vertical section of dog gastric mucosa showing actin immunostaining in muscle strands along the gastric glands. The mucosal muscles originate from the muscularis mucosae and run along the gastric glands to the neck region, where they divide. (B) A vertical section of dog gastric mucosa showing the connection between the muscularis mucosae and the mucosal muscles. (C) A horizontal section of the midportion of the rat gastric mucosa. Actin immunostaining shows transversely sectioned muscle strands surrounding the gastric glands. In rats, the longitudinal muscle strands form a basketlike arrangement around 1–4 gastric glands. (D) A vertical section of human gastric mucosa. Mucosal muscles run along the gastric glands to the surface epithelial cells. These muscle strands branch at the neck region. (E) A vertical section of the upper part of the human gastric mucosa. Mucosal muscles form a network around the gastric pits (C, crypt; GP, gastric pit).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Photomicrographs of cryostat sections of (A and B) rat and (C and D) dog oxyntic mucosae (original magnification 375×). Essentially the same arrangement of mucosal smooth muscle strands and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen in all three species. (A) A vertical section of rat gastric mucosa, showing actin immunostaining in widely distributed muscle strands along the gastric glands. The mucosal muscles originate from the muscularis mucosae; in rats, these muscles seem to terminate mainly at the base of the gastric pits. (B). The same section as in A, immunostained for VIP, showing numerous VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Varicose nerve fibers frequently run along the glands in close relation to the mucosal muscle strands and reach the mucosal surface at the gastric pits. (C) A horizontal section of dog oxyntic mucosa just below the gastric pit region. Actin immunostaining shows transversely cut muscle strands that surround the gastric glands. In dogs, the longitudinal muscle strands were found to surround groups of 2–5 gastric glands. (D) The same section as in C, immunostained for VIP, showing VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Varicose nerve fibers run along the glands in close relation to the mucosal muscle strands.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
(A) Gastric gland luminal pressure (▩) and amplitude of pressure oscillations (mm Hg; 2) and (B) acid secretion (μEq/min) in pentagastrin-stimulated rats (40 μg · kg−1 · h−1 IV; eight observations in 6 animals) during IA infusion (catheter inserted retrogradely into the hepatic artery) of saline solution at 1 mL/h (NaCl before) followed by IA administration of VIP bolus injection of 2 μg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 10 μg · kg−1 · h−1. The VIP infusion was stopped after 10–22 minutes and changed to saline solution at 1 mL/h (NaCl after; four observations because of missing values). Values are means ± SE during a steady-state period of approximately 10 minutes for gland luminal pressure and 10–20 minutes for acid secretion, measured simultaneously with the gland luminal pressure. (The saline solution in the chamber was always changed when the IA infusion close to the stomach was altered; thus the acid secretion values might include a few minutes before the gland luminal pressure had reached a steady-state level after each change in the protocol.) *P < 0.01 compared with the “NaCl before” value (Student's t test for paired data).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Mean arterial blood pressure and blood flow as measured by LDF in pentagastrin-stimulated rats (40 μg · kg−1 · h−1 IV; eight observations in 6 animals) during IA infusion (catheter inserted retrogradely into the hepatic artery) of saline solution at 1 mL/h (NaCl before), followed by IA administration of VIP as a bolus injection of 2 μg/kg and subsequent continuous infusion of VIP, 10 μg · kg−1 · h−1 IA (VIP). Infusion of VIP was stopped after 10–22 minutes and changed to saline solution at 1 mL/h (NaCl after). Values are means ± SE during an approximately 10-minute period of steady state of mean arterial blood pressure and blood flow. *P < 0.05 compared with the “NaCl before” value (Student's t test for paired data).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Luminal pressure in one gland in 1 pentagastrin (40 μg · kg−1 · h−1 IV)-stimulated rat during (A) a 5-minute control period and (B) a 5-minute period of IA VIP administration, first as a bolus injection (2 μg/kg) and subsequently as an infusion at 10 μg · kg−1 · h−1 IA. In this rat, VIP infusion was continued for 5.5 minutes until the presented level of glandular pressure was reached.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
VRBC in a capillary (5 μm) in the superficial gastric mucosa (A) before and (B) during VIP infusion. During the control period, VRBC oscillated with a frequency of 3.5/min. During VIP infusion, the oscillations totally disappeared. The presented sequence was recorded 3.5 minutes after the start of VIP administration.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions