1. Essential Question:
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
Warm-Up Question:
Think about the changes that took place in America in the 1920s. In what ways were these changes good? Bad?

2. Causes of the Great Depression
The 1920s were a decade of consumer spending & the economy looked healthy on the surface:
Income did increase in the 1920s, but there were some severe problems with the U.S. economy
In October 1929, the “Roaring Twenties” came to an end & the Great Depression began…why?

3. Group Activity: What caused the Great Depression?
In teams, determine what factors contributed to the Great Depression:
Examine the documents provided & complete the chart in your notes
After examining all documents, try to group the documents into categories
When finished, create a one sentence thesis that explains why the depression began…be prepared to discuss

4. Causes of the Great Depression: A
Distribution of Wealth in the 1920s
* An income of $2,500 per year was considered the minimum
amount needed for a decent standard of living
This image relates to “Distribution of Income”

5. Causes of the Great Depression: B
This image relates to “Bank Failures”

6. Causes of the Great Depression: C
This image relates to “Stock Market Crash” and “Margin Buying”
Benefits & Risks of Buying Stock “on Margin”

7. Causes of the Great Depression: D
This image relates to “Depressed Agriculture ”

8. Causes of the Great Depression: D

9. Causes of the Great Depression: E
Corporate Profits for Coal and Railroad Industries,
This image relates to “Weak Industries”
Profits for Railroad Companies
Profits for Coal Mining

10. Causes of the Great Depression: F
This image relates to “Credit”

11. Causes of the Great Depression: F

12. Causes of the Great Depression

13. Causes of the Depression
Weak Industries:
Mass-production of consumer goods led to overproduction
People did not need as many appliances & cars by the end of the decade (under-consumption)
Railroads, textiles, steel, coal mining, construction were barely profitable
“Traditional industries” faced new competition in the 1920: Cars, synthetic clothes, natural gas

14. Overproduction of Consumer Goods
Too much inventory…Not enough buyers

15. “Traditional” industries suffered in the 1920s
Corporate Profits for Coal and Railroad Industries,
This image relates to “Weak Industries”
Profits for Railroad Companies
Profits for Coal Mining

16. Causes of the Depression
Depressed Farming:
The end of WWI led to a decline in demand for agricultural products
Too much food led to a 40% drop in crop prices
Farmers could not pay back loans & many had their farms foreclosed
Some rural banks failed

18. Causes of the Depression
Credit:
Many Americans used easy credit to live beyond their means
By “buying now & paying later,” Americans generated large debts
As a result, Americans cut back on spending by the end of the decade

19. Americans bought goods on credit & did not have much in savings accounts

23. Causes of the Depression
Uneven Division of Wealth
Despite rising wages, the gap between the rich & poor grew wider in the 1920s
70% of Americans were considered “poor”
Most of the spending in the 1920s was done by 30% of the population

24. Distribution of Wealth in the 1920s
* An income of $2,500 per year was considered the minimum
amount needed for a decent standard of living
This image relates to “Distribution of Income”

25. Causes of the Depression
The Stock Market:
In the 1920s, the stock market soared & people speculated with stocks
Many people borrowed money to pay for stocks, called buying on margin
There was no regulation of the market & some companies altered stock values to raise profits
By 1929, some economists had warned of weaknesses in the economy, but most Americans maintained the utmost confidence in the nation’s economic health. In increasing numbers, those who could afford to invested in the stock market. The stock market had become the most visible symbol of a prosperous American economy. Then, as now, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was the most widely used barometer of the stock market’s health. The Dow is a measure based on the stock prices of 30 representative large firms trading on the New York Stock Exchange. Through most of the 1920s, stock prices rose steadily. The Dow had reached a high of 381 points, nearly 300 points higher than it had been five years earlier. Eager to take advantage of this “bull market”—a period of rising stock prices— Americans rushed to buy stocks and bonds. One observer wrote, “It seemed as if all economic law had been suspended and a new era opened up in which success and prosperity could be had without knowledge or industry.” By 1929, about 4 million Americans—or 3 percent of the nation’s population—owned stocks. Many of these investors were already wealthy, but others were average Americans who hoped to strike it rich. However, the seeds of trouble were taking root. People were engaging in speculation—that is, they bought stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin—paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. With easy money available to investors, the unrestrained buying and selling fueled the market’s upward spiral. The government did little to discourage such buying or to regulate the market. In reality, these rising prices did not reflect companies’ worth. Worse, if the value of stocks declined, people who had bought on margin had no way to pay off the loans

26. Buying Stocks on Margin

27. Causes of the Depression
The Stock Market:
On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market crashed
People rushed to sell, prices plummeted, & investors lost $30 billion
Speculators who bought on the margin, could not pay off their debts
Many lost their savings
The Stock Market Crashes In early September 1929, stock prices peaked and then fell. Confidence in the market started to waver, and some investors quickly sold their stocks and pulled out. On October 24, the market took a plunge. Panicked investors unloaded their shares. But the worst was yet to come.
BLACK TUESDAY On October 29—now known as Black Tuesday—the bottom fell out of the market and the nation’s confidence. Shareholders frantically tried to sell before prices plunged even lower. The number of shares dumped that
day was a record 16.4 million. Additional millions of shares could not find buyers. People who had bought stocks on credit were stuck with huge debts as the prices plummeted, while others lost most of their savings. By mid-November, investors had lost about $30 billion, an amount equal to how much America spent in World War I. The stock market bubble had finally burst.
The stock market crash in October 1929 marked the beginning of the “Great Depression”

28. The U.S. stock market had only about 3 million active buyers & sellers but the spillover into the greater economy led to the Great Depression

29. Causes of the Depression
Bank Failures:
After the crash, people tried to withdraw their money from banks
In 1929, 600 banks failed due to lack of funds & the inability to recoup loans
The failure of the banks left many Americans without their life savings
Financial Collapse
The stock market crash signaled the beginning of the Great Depression—the period from 1929 to 1940 in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed. The crash alone did not cause the Great Depression, but it hastened the collapse of the economy and made the depression more severe.
BANK AND BUSINESS FAILURES After the crash, many people panicked and withdrew their money from banks. But
some couldn’t get their money because the banks had invested it in the stock market. In 1929, 600 banks closed. By 1933, 11,000 of the nation’s 25,000 banks had failed. Because the government did not protect or insure bank accounts, millions of people lost their savings accounts. The Great Depression hit other businesses, too. Between 1929 and 1932, the gross national product—the nation’s total output of goods and services—was cut nearly in half, from $104 billion to $59 billion. Approximately 90,000 businesses went bankrupt. Among these failed enterprises were once-prosperous automobile and railroad companies. As the economy plunged into a tailspin, millions of workers lost their jobs. Unemployment leaped from 3 percent (1.6 million workers) in 1929 to 25 percent (13 million workers) in One out of every four workers was out of a job. Those who kept their jobs faced pay cuts and reduced hours.

30. Bank & Business Failures, 1928-1933

31. Causes of the Depression
Foreign Trade:
Post-war debts in Europe & high protective tariffs in America limited international trade
The Great Depression led to a global depression in Europe, Asia, & Latin America
World trade fell by 40%
WORLDWIDE SHOCK WAVES The United States was not the only country gripped by the Great Depression. Much of Europe, for example, had suffered throughout the 1920s. European countries trying to recover from the ravages of World War I faced high war debts. In addition, Germany had to pay war reparations—payments to compensate the Allies for the damages Germany had caused. The Great Depression compounded these problems by limiting America’s ability to import European goods. This made it difficult to sell American farm products and manufactured goods abroad. In 1930, Congress passed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which established the highest protective tariff in United States history. It was designed to protect American farmers and manufacturers from foreign competition. Yet it had the opposite effect. By reducing the flow of goods into the United States, the tariff prevented other countries from earning American currency to buy American goods. The tariff made unemployment worse in industries that could no longer export goods to Europe. Many countries retaliated by raising their own tariffs. Within a few years, world trade had fallen more than 40 percent
GLOBAL EFFECTS OF THE DEPRESSION
As the American economy collapsed, so too did Europe’s. The world’s nations had become interdependent; international trade was important to most countries. However, when the U.S. economy failed, American investors withdrew their money from European markets. To keep U.S. dollars in America, the government raised tariffs on goods imported from other countries. World trade dropped. Unemployment rates around the world soared. Germany and Austria were particularly hard hit. In 1931 Austria’s largest bank failed. In Asia, both farmers and urban workers suffered as the value of exports fell by half between 1929 and The crash was felt in Latin America as well. As U.S. and European demand for Latin American products like sugar, beef, and copper dropped, prices collapsed.

32. A Global Depression

36. Causes of the Depression
Consumer Confidence:
Millions of Americans lost their jobs or took pay cuts to keep jobs
The lack of confidence in the future kept people from spending money
The lack of spending made the depression drag on until the 1940s
BANK AND BUSINESS FAILURES After the crash, many people panicked and withdrew their money from banks. But
some couldn’t get their money because the banks had invested it in the stock market. In 1929, 600 banks closed. By 1933, 11,000 of the nation’s 25,000 banks had failed. Because the government did not protect or insure bank accounts, millions of people lost their savings accounts. The Great Depression hit other businesses, too. Between 1929 and 1932, the gross national product—the nation’s total output of goods and services—was cut nearly in half, from $104 billion to $59 billion. Approximately 90,000 businesses went bankrupt. Among these failed enterprises were once-prosperous automobile and railroad companies. As the economy plunged into a tailspin, millions of workers lost their jobs. Unemployment leaped from 3 percent (1.6 million workers) in 1929 to 25 percent (13 million workers) in One out of every four workers was out of a job. Those who kept their jobs faced pay cuts and reduced hours.

37. Unemployment & Consumer Spending, 1928-1933

38. Effects of the Great Depression
The Great Depression led to a collapse of the U.S. financial system
25,000 banks & 90,000 businesses failed by 1933
Unemployment peaked at 25%
Many Americans lost their homes
America had record poverty & suicide rates; Fathers abandoned families; Healthcare declined
Private charities created soup kitchens & breadlines to help

39. Soup Kitchens & Breadlines

40. Mortgage Foreclosures

42. Poverty in America

43. The Dust Bowl
The effects of the depression were made worse by the Dust Bowl:
Heavy droughts & over-farming in the West destroyed the Plains
In the early 1930s, windstorms swept away loose soil
Farmers in the Plains left their farms & searched for work or better land in West coast states

44. The Dust Bowl (1931-1939) worsened the effects of the Depression
Areas Affected by the Dust Bowl drought
“Okies” & “Arkies”
Woody Guthrie

45. Group Activity:
In teams, play the role of an economist & try to bring the Great Depression to an end
Examine each of the “Economic Briefing” sheets provided & choose a solution based upon the choices provided
After examining each briefing sheet, choose a presenter & discuss as a class
When finished, examine “Conservative, Liberal, & Radical Solutions” sheet & examine the reading on how President Hoover responded to the Depression

46. President Hoover’s Response
President Herbert Hoover initially rejected bold gov’t action in response the depression:
He tried to reassure Americans that prosperity would return
He called for volunteerism & “rugged individualism”—Americans need to work together to end the depression

47. President Hoover’s Response
As the depression worsened, Hoover called for more gov’t action
The gov’t issued relief checks to help the unemployed
The Reconstruction Finance Corps (RFC) loaned money to failing businesses
Building projects like Hoover Dam
These efforts did not end the depression & many citizens lost faith in President Hoover

48. Boulder Dam was renamed Hoover Dam

49. Employment Agencies & Relief-Check Lines

50. Americans who lost their homes, lived in shantytowns nicknamed “Hoovervilles”

52. Conclusions The Depression of the 1930s came as a shock to Americans:
When the stock market crashed in 1929, businesses closed & millions were unemployed
Americans lost faith in Hoover & began looking for new leadership & an more active gov’t to solve their problems