1. BACTERIA

2. BACTERIA Domain Archea, Kingdom Archaebacteria (ancient)
Domain Bacteria, Kingdom Eubacteria (true)
Domain Archea, Kingdom Archaebacteria (ancient)
Used to be combined under Kingdom Monera
* Prokaryotic
* Heterotrophic or Autotrophic

3. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
PROKARYOTES
Recall that the archaea are more closely related to the eukaryotes, while the bacteria are related to cell organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

4. Recall Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes DO NOT have:
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes DO have:
DNA (all)
Ribosomes (all)
Cell membrane (all)
Cell Wall (many)
Flagella (some)
Capsule (many)
Pili (some)
Ex. bacteria
Eukaryotes DO have:
Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
(such as mitochondria, ER, golgi, etc.)
DNA (inside nucleus)
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cell Wall (some)
Flagella (a few)
Ex. Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists

5. Eubacteria Diagram
Good web-site to look at eubacteria cell structure:

7. Pili on a bacillus bacterium

8. CHARACTERISTICS of Bacteria:
1. Most reproduce asexually through binary fission. ( Dividing in half; identical offspring)
2. Some reproduce sexually by conjugation connecting at their pili. (cell to cell contact; new combination of genes)
3. Classified by cell shape, cell wall (difference between Archaea and the Bacteria, and between Gram + bacteria and Gram - bacteria), respiration, and nutrition.

9. 1. Asexual reproduction
Rod-shaped bacteria dividing by binary fission

10. Conjugation in Bacteria
2. Sexual reproduction
Conjugation in Bacteria

11. 3. Three different shapes:
1. Coccus (spheres):
2. Bacillus (rods):
3. Spirillum (spirals):
Two different arrangements:
Strepto (chains)
Staphylo (clusters)

12. Bacterial Shapes
bacillus
coccus
spirillum

13. 3. Comparison Gram + & Gram - Eubacteria
Feature Gram + Gram -
Color
Purple
Red
Amount of peptidoglycan
More
Less
Toxicity
Antibiotic effective against?
Most of the time
Not always

14. Peptidoglycan – the tan rods in the diagram; lots in Gram +, little in Gram -
(the lipid layer on the outside makes it hard for antibiotics to work on G-

15. 3. Nutrition Types Principal decomposers (along with fungi) AUTOTROPHS
Photosynthetic—use pigments to capture light energy to convert to chemical energy ex. cyanobacteria
Chemosynthetic—use inorganic molecules or organic molecules to make amino acidsproteins; live in soil and nitrify ammonia ex. sulfur bacteria & methanogens; nitrifying bacteria (Nitrobacter spp.)
HETEROTROPHS
Principal decomposers (along with fungi)
Many produce antibiotics (ex. Streptomyces)
Some fix nitrogen (ex. Rhizobium)

16. Cyanobacteria

17. Characteristics of Bacteria continued
4. Some may form endospores.
5. Toxins – chemicals produced by bacteria that are poisonous to eukaryotic cells and cause disease

18. 4. ENDOSPORES Thick wall Resistant to heat, dryness, etc
May survive for years in harsh conditions
When conditions are favorable, the bacteria will grow from the spore
Example: ANTRHAX

19. endospore

20. Archaebacteria: “ancient”
Autotrophic
Cell walls with NO peptidoglycan
found in harsh environments
1. Methanogens- no oxygen, make
methane gas
2. Thermophiles- very hot water
3. Halophiles- very salty conditions, 10x saltier than ocean water

21. Archaea in San Francisco Bay area – extremely high salinity.
What kind of archaea are these?

22. EUBACTERIA “true” Largest and most diverse of the bacterial kingdoms
Found everywhere
Most are HETEROTROPHIC
Cell walls are present with peptidoglycan
Many have flagella that aid in movement

23. Diseases caused by Bacteria:
* Tuberculosis
* Anthrax
* Lyme disease
* E. coli
* Bubonic plague
*Typhoid fever *Cholera
*Strep throat *Dental cavities
*diphtheria *pneumonia

24. Yellow bacillus bacteria in the lining of the human nose
Yellow bacillus bacteria in the lining of the human nose. This species causes pneumonia.

25. Beneficial Bacteria: There are some bacteria you’ve just got to love!
* Bacteria is used to make certain foods like cheese and yogurt.
* To manufacture plastics and many pharmaceuticals.
* Digests cellulose in animals
* Sewage treatment plants
* Medicines like insulin

26. Mutualistic bacteria: the fish provides the bioluminescent bacteria under its eye with organic materials, the fish uses its living flashlight to lure prey and to signal potential mates.

27. Questions to Ponder
Why are bacteria important organisms in the ecosystem?
What are the shapes and arrangements of bacteria and how can these be used in classification?
Describe bacterial diseases including cause, symptoms, and transmission.
In what ways are bacterial beneficial to us? Explain.

28. How do we know that those little bitty things under the microscope aren’t all the same “stuff”?
How do we know that the Archaea are more closely related to the Eukarya?