1. Pain and quality of life after minimally invasive versus conventional cardiac surgery 
Thomas Walther, MD, Volkmar Falk, MD, Sebastian Metz, Anno Diegeler, MD, Roberto Battellini, MD, Rüdiger Autschbach, MD, PhD, Friedrich W Mohr, MD, PhD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 67, Issue 6, Pages (June 1999)
DOI: /S (99)

2. Fig 1 Pain questionnaire for minimally invasive cardiac operation.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

3. Fig 2
Pain levels according to the verbal rating scale. (A) Postoperative day 2. (B) Postoperative day 7. (AVR = aortic valve replacement; Conv = conventional approach; MIS = minimally invasive approach; MVR/R = mitral valve repair or replacement.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

4. Fig 3
Pain levels for minimally invasive (triangles) versus conventional (quadrangle) approach according to the visual analog scale (VAS) in patients undergoing bypass surgery (A), mitral valve surgery (B), or aortic valve surgery (C).
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )

5. Fig 4
Quality of life according to the modified Nottingham Health Questionnaire. (AVR = aortic valve replacement; Conv = conventional approach; MIS = minimally invasive approach; MVR/R = mitral valve repair or replacement; + = better quality of life; − = worse quality of life.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (99) )