1. The Last West and the New South, 1865-1900
Period 6 ( )
Ch.17
AP U.S. History

3. Settling the West: Cattle Frontier and Mining Frontier

5. Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railway Acts
First Transcontinental Railroad
Central Pacific and Union Pacific
Promontory Point (1869)
Impact
Communication
Settlement and Expansion
35,000 miles (1865)
193,000 miles (1900)
Commerce
Innovations
Standardized gauges
Time zones

6. Homestead Act of 1862 Parameters Demographics
160-acre plots for minimum of 5 years
File application, improve the land, file for deed
Demographics
Eastern families
Exodusters
Old Immigrants

7. Settling the West: Farming Frontier
Western Society
Mostly families settled in Frontier
Promotion of gender equality
Innovation
Barbed wire
Dry farming

8. Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)
Frontier is “the meeting point between savagery and civilization.”
"begins with the Indian and the hunter; it goes on with the disintegration of savagery by the entrance of the trader... the pastoral stage in ranch life; the exploitation of the soil by the raising of unrotated crops of corn and wheat in sparsely settled farm communities; the intensive culture of the denser farm settlement; and finally the manufacturing organization with the city and the factory system.”
The frontier defined the American identity
Promotes independence, individualism, equality, democracy
U.S. Census of 1890 claims American frontier is closed

9. The Frontier and Natives
Plains Natives Lifestyle
Buffalo hunt
White hunters decimated buffalo herds for fur, sport, pests
Reservations
Concentrations of tribes through separate treaties
Tribal chiefs selected by white officials
Oklahoma Land Rush (April 1889)
Sooners and Boomers

10. Indian Wars 10th Calvary – “Buffalo Soldiers”
Native American Leaders and Warriors
Geronimo (Apache)
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull (Lakota)
Chief Joseph (Nez Perce)
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
Little Big Horn (1876)
“Custer’s Last Stand”
Wounded Knee (1890)
10th Calvary – “Buffalo Soldiers”

11. Americanization of Natives
A Century of Dishonor (1881)
Helen Hunt Jackson
“It makes little difference...where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain. The story of one tribe is the story of all, varied only by differences of time and place....”
Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
160-acre plots of land from tribal territory
Designed to encourage farming among natives
Destroys tribal system and establishes family units
Forced assimilation; cultural genocide
Ghost Dance Movement

14. American Progress, John Gast, 1872

15. The “New South” Henry W. Grady Agriculture Industry and Urbanization
"There was a South of slavery and secession - that South is dead. There is now a South of union and freedom- that South, thank God, is living, breathing, and growing every hour,” (1886)
Agriculture
Cotton, tobacco, rice
Industry and Urbanization
Dependent on Northern investment
Increased network of standardized rail lines
Coal mining
Poverty due to late start in industrialization and poorly educated workforce

16. Sharecropping 50% white farmers and 75% black farmers Crop-lien system
Tenant farming
Exodusters

17. Progressive Social Reforms Blacks in America
Supreme Court
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
Segregation may be practiced by private individuals and businesses
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Established “separate but equal”
Jim Crow Laws
Established by white Redeemer state governments
Legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson
Segregated public facilities and accommodations
Disenfranchisement
Grandfather clauses
Poll taxes
Literacy tests

18. Progressive Social Reforms Black Americans - Booker T. Washington
Advocated economic progress to secure civil rights; accommodating oppression; more gradual
Tuskegee Institute ( )
Vocational institution, primarily teaching
Atlanta Compromise (1895)
In the South, blacks would submit to white political rule in exchange for education and due process of law
White House Dinner
First black person ever invited to a White House dinner with Theodore Roosevelt
White reaction and backlash
"I am just as much opposed to Booker T. Washington as a voter as I am to the cocoanut-headed, chocolate-colored typical little coon who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither is fit to perform the supreme function of citizenship." – Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman

19. Progressive Social Reform Black Americans - W.E.B. Du Bois
Advocated social and political equality to secure economic progress; immediate equality, not gradual
Niagara Movement (1905)
Opposed disenfranchisement and segregation
Dismissed accommodation and pursued more direct action and struggle
National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) (1909)
A group of blacks and whites, males and females established an effective civil rights organization

20. Farmers vs Railroads Granger Movement
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grangers) (1867)
Granger laws passed at local and state levels
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois (1886)
States could not regulate interstate commerce
Nullified many grange laws states had previously passed
Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)—investigates discriminatory practices
Farmers’ Alliance
Ocala Platform (1890)
Free silver
Low interest loan systems
Decreased tariffs
Government regulation of communication and transportation
Graduated income tax
Favored direct election of Senators
Banking system regulated by fed