1. Biomarkers for Heart Failure: An Update for Practitioners of Internal Medicine 
Nicholas Wettersten, MD, Alan S. Maisel, MD 
The American Journal of Medicine 
Volume 129, Issue 6, Pages (June 2016)
DOI: /j.amjmed
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2. Figure 1
Pathophysiologic factors leading to alterations in levels of biomarkers used in the assessment and management heart failure. Note procalcitonin is not actually released from the heart, while NPs, ST2, and high-sensitivity troponin are released from the heart. NP = natriuretic peptide; NEP = neutral endopeptidase; hs = high-sensitivity.
The American Journal of Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.amjmed )
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3. Figure 2
Soluble ST2 (sST2) acts as a decoy receptor that, when elevated, binds interleukin (IL)-33. This effectively reduces the concentration of IL-33 that is available to bind the ST2 ligand (ST2L) and diminishes the cardioprotective effects of IL-33. Higher levels of sST2 reflect increased inflammation, fibrosis, and wall stress and thus serves like a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) for heart failure.
The American Journal of Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.amjmed )
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4. Figure 3
ST2 levels drawn on admission are highly predictive of future heart failure admissions, more so than B-type natriuretic peptide (unpublished data). AUC = area under the curve; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; HF = heart failure.
The American Journal of Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.amjmed )
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5. Figure 4
Algorithm for use of biomarkers in heart failure from acute presentation, through hospitalization and into clinic follow-up. BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; hsTn = high-sensitivity troponin; NP = natriuretic peptides.
The American Journal of Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.amjmed )
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